... had come from heaven. This habit of worshipping together at Mecca was the strongest unifying force in Arabia and one that was carefully preserved by Muhammad. A brief account of how the Islamic civilisation developed Muhammad left no very clear instructions about how his successor should be chosen. At his death there was confusion in the rank of his followers and rebellion on the part of ...
... fixity of status through which individual and small communal interests might be brought under the yoke of a sufficient religious, political and economic unity and likeness. It is notable that Islamic civilisation, with its dominant principle of equality and brotherhood in the faith and its curious institution of a slavery which did not prevent the slave from rising even to the throne, was never able ...
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