Brahmanas : commentaries on the Vedas.
... and the Brahmanas. The Samhitas are the collection of the mantras, the Veda proper. The Brahmanas are the commentaries, interpretations or new suggestions. Again the Brahmanas are divided into the Brahmanas proper, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads. The Samhitas comprise the general Vedic experiences and the mantras necessary for the propitiation and manifestation of the gods. And the Brahmanas provide... the stages of the Samhitas, the Brahmanas and the Upanishads cannot be regarded successive stages. For there are many Upanishads which appeared earlier than many Brahmanas and some portions of the Samhitas. As we understand it, first there were the earlier mantras of the Samhitas from which there arose the two branches, Brahmanas and the Upanishads. The Brahmanas laid stress on the exoteric portions... forms of religious culture, while the Upanishads on the spirit of it. In a way, the Aranyakas combined in themselves both the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. To sum up, the first and foremost part of the Vedas are the Samhitas which are immediately followed by the Brahmanas culminating in the Aranyakas which in their turn terminate in the Upanishads. But there are exceptions. For example, the Aitareya ...
... divine inspiration. The only works for which the ordinary tradition claims this equal authority are the Brahmanas, Aranyakas & Upanishads. Even among these authorities, if we accept them as all and equally inspired and authoritative,—and on this point Hindus are not in entire agreement,—the Brahmanas which deal with the ceremonial detail of Page 173 Vedic sacrifice, are authoritative for the... found in the Vedic hymns a great system of Page 175 ceremonial or effective sacrifice and little or nothing more. Even the Brahmanas in their great mass & minuteness seem to bear unwavering testimony to the pure ritualism of the Veda. But the Brahmanas are in their nature rubrics of directions to the priests for the right performance of the outward Vedic sacrifice,—that system of symbolic... —rubrics accompanied by speculative explanations of old ill-understood details & the popular myths & traditions that had sprung up from obscure allusions in the hymns. Whatever we may think of the Brahmanas, they merely affirm the side of outward ritualism which had grown in a huge & cumbrous mass round the first simple rites of the Vedic Rishis; they do not exclude the existence of deeper meanings & ...
... and naivete. The Brahmanas and the Upanishads are the record of a powerful revival which took the sacred text and ritual as a starting-point for a new statement of spiritual thought and experience. This movement had two complementary aspects, one, Page 13 the conservation of the forms, another the revelation of the soul of Veda,—the first represented by the Brahmanas, 2 the second by... by the Upanishads. The Brahmanas labour to fix and preserve the minutiae of the Vedic ceremony, the conditions of their material effectuality, the symbolic sense and purpose of their different parts, movements, implements, the significance of texts important in the ritual, the drift of obscure allusions, the memory of ancient myths and traditions. Many of their legends are evidently posterior to... surrounding the composition of the hymns. Oral tradition is always a light that obscures; a new symbolism working upon an old that is half lost, is likely to overgrow rather than reveal it; therefore the Brahmanas, though full of interesting hints, help us very little in our research; nor are they a safe guide to the meaning of separate texts when they attempt an exact and verbal interpretation. The Rishis ...
... 10.Brahmanas contain detailed analysis of various categories of sacrifices, their rituals and procedures. They include also collections of history, legends, anecdotes and narrations of stories connected with individuals. The important Brahmanas are: Aitareya Brahmana, Shatapatha Brahmana, Taittiriya Brahmana, Kathaka Brahmana, Jaiminiya Brahmana and Gopatha Brahmana. A large number of Brahmanas have... it was secured in its results by a larger sublime efflorescence. This is what we find in Upanishads, which have always been recognised in India as the crown and end of the Veda, Vedanta. While the Brahmanas 10 concentrated on the Vedic rituals, the Upanishads 11 renewed the Vedic truth by extricating it from its cryptic symbols and casting it into a highest and most Page 86 direct and... fellow-feeling was seen as an ethical application of the spiritual unity which is an essential idea of Vedanta. The Buddhistic theory of karma could have been supported from the utterances of the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. Actually, the Vedic tradition absorbed all that it could be of Buddhism, but rejected its exclusive positions. But there was a gradual fading out of the prominent Vedic ...
... Scripture, the actual hymns and mantras of the Sanhitas, has long been a sealed book to the Indian mind, learned or unlearned. The other Vedic books are of minor authority or a secondary formation. The Brahmanas are ritual, grammatical & historical treatises on the traditions & ceremonies of Vedic times whose only value—apart from interesting glimpses of ancient life & Vedantic philosophy—lies in their attempt... Nature-Gods helpful only for material life, safety & comfort were all-sufficient. Certainly, also, the earliest Indian writings subsequent to Vedic times bear out these indications. To the writers of the Brahmanas the sacrificial ritual enshrined an elaborate symbolism. The seers of the Upanishad worshipped Surya & Agni as great spiritual & moral forces and believed the Vedic hymns to be effective only because... wish, will or desire only persists in a few of them, vaśá, wish and possibly vaśá, a woman. It is this sense which agrees best with the context of the tenth rik and is concealed in the vahatu of the Brahmanas. There is no other difficulty of interpretation in the passage. What then is it that Madhuchchhanda, son of Viswamitra, has to say in this Sukta of the goddess of inspiration, speech and knowledge ...
... east of the land of five rivers": "The Punjab and the west not only recede in importance but the tribes of the west are looked upon with disapproval in the Satapatha and the Aitareya Brahmanas." To these Brahmanas the process leading to the formation of the Harappa Culture must seem deserving of disapproval, for various forces at work from outside the Vedic ethos have found expression in that... technical and literary arguments to establish that the Indus Valley Civilisation corresponds to the Sutra period, Sethna goes on to identify them as the people referred to as the Mlechchhas in the Brahmanas and the Sutras. These Mlechchhas were looked upon with disapproval by the orthodox Indians. This allowed him to establish a connection between India and West Asia. But the Sarasvati ecology was unknown ...
... symbolic element reduced to a minimum and replaced by clear and open philosophic phrases and conceptions. Certainly, the Vedic mantras had already become obscure and ill-understood at the time of the Brahmanas. And still the groundwork may have been there from the beginning. It is, of course, in the end a question of fact; but my present contention is only that there is no a priori impossibility, but... and finds the sense of the Upanishads in the Veda. Even he feels himself obliged sometimes, though very rarely, to follow its suggestions. And if we go back to the earliest times we see that the Brahmanas give a mystically ritualistic interpretation of the Veda, the Upanishads treat the Riks as a book not of ritual, but of spiritual knowledge. There is therefore nothing fantastically new or revolutionary... symbol of an inner spiritual meaning. But this or any hypothesis can have no real value if it is brought in from outside, if it is not suggested by the words and indications of the Veda itself. The Brahmanas are too full of ingenuities; they read too much and too much at random into the text. The Upanishads give a better light and we may get hints from later work and even from Sayana and Yaska, but it ...
... of the Veda, but this sense has survived, not as a coherent or integral whole, but either as a congeries of forms in the Brahmanas or as scattered illuminations in the Upanishads without any systematic correlation with the many-patterned lights of the Veda: The Brahmanas labour to fix and preserve the minutiae of the Vedic ceremony. ... The Rishis of the Upanishads... used the text of the... mantras as a prop or an authority for their own intuitions and perceptions; or else the Vedic Word was a seed of thought and vision by which they recovered old truths in new forms. 11 If the Brahmanas helped to define the body of ritual (Karma Kanda, or Book of Works), the Upanishads led to Vedanta (Jnana Kanda, or Book of Knowledge). Notwithstanding these vicissitudes, the text of the Veda - "a ...
... and understand, which has come to be known as the Brahmanas. The Brahmanas are largely devoted to the explanation of rituals — their significance, their symbolism and the meaning of their observance. We do not find in the Brahmanas anything directly related to our present concern with the aim of life. But towards the end of the age of the Brahmanas, there came about a revolt against ritualism and a ...
... significant stage of the Vedic development, when after the period of Brahmanas and Aranyakas, Upanishads emerged as the culmination of the Vedic knowledge and thus they are known as the Vedanta. The secrets of the Veda which were lost during the intermediate period were recovered by the Rishis of the Upanishads. While the Brahmanas laboured to fix and preserve the minutiae of the Vedic ceremony, the... old Aryan world. There is also the interpretation of the Veda that we find in the writings of Pandit Madhusudan Ojha, who has relied Page 4 largely upon the interpretations of the Brahmanas. In many respects, this interpretation seems to coincide with that of Sayana but also departs from it significantly and is able to throw light on the inner and spiritual meaning of the Vedic texts ...
... Taittiriya Brāhmana and Kathaka Brāhmana are connected with Krishna Page 92 Yajurveda. Sāmaveda has several Brahmanas including Jaiminiya, Ārsheya, Mantra, Sāmavidhāna, Devatādhāya Vansha, Panchavinsha Shadavinsha. Gopatha Brāhmana belongs to Atharvaveda. Among the lost Brahmanas, the important ones are Paimgāyani Brāhmana, Āshvalāyana Brāhmana, Gālav Brāhmana, Charak Brāhmana, Shwetāshvatara... has indicated that Atharvaveda has 9 Shākhās but today we have only 2 Shākhās, namely, Paippalāda and Shaunaka. Apart from four Vedas and their numerous Shākhās, there is a vast literature of Brahmanas. The appendices of Brāhmanas which are partly in prose and partly in poetic form are called Āranyakas. Āranyakas are so called because there was a tradition to study them in forests. Some Upanishads ...
... considerable attempts, entirely differing from each other in their methods and results, to fix the sense of these ancient litanies. One of these is prehistoric in time and exists only by fragments in the Brahmanas and Upanishads; but we possess in its entirety the traditional interpretation of the Indian scholar Sayana and we have in our own day the interpretation constructed after an immense labour of comparison... similar starting-point is at least probable for the later march of thought in India. Much indeed of the forms and symbols of thought which we find in the Upanishads, much of the substance of the Brahmanas supposes a period in India in which thought took the form or the veil of secret teachings such as those of the Greek mysteries. Another hiatus left by the received theories is the gulf that divides ...
... us agni , fire, aṅgati , fire, aṅgāra , a burning coal and aṅgiras , which must have meant flaming, glowing. Both in the Veda and the tradition of the Brahmanas the Angirases are in their origin closely connected with Agni. In the Brahmanas it is said that Agni is the fire and the Angirases the burning coals, aṅgārāḥ ; but in the Veda itself the indication seems rather to be that they are the ...
... itself. (22) Circumambulat ing Śrī Rāma/whose head was bent low, Sīta (a princess of the Videha territory) approached the blazing fire. (23) Respectfully bowing down to the gods as well as to the Brahmanas the princess of Mithilā prayed as follows with joined palms in the presence of the fire: — (24) "As my heart never turns away from Śrī Rāma, so may the god of fire, the witness of the world... the white parasol (intended for Śrī Rāma) Page 250 adorned with white garlands as well as two white whisks decked with gold and worthy of kings, surrounded by the foremost Of the Brahmanas (lit., the twice-born), leaders of the guilds of traders and artisans including the Vaisyas (members of the mercantile class) and the counsellors with garlands and ball shaped sweets in their hands ...
... oldest Upanishads like the Taittiriya Upanishad and the Isha Upanishad may be even older than 1000 B.C.E.. (Between the Vedas and the Upanishads there had intervened a period during which Brahmanas were composed. Brahmanas advocated the view that the Vedic system was principally ritualistic and it contained rules and regulations of conducting ritualistic sacrifices. The Vedic system was thus reduced to ...
... encouraged to explore, through a more strenuous study, the secrets that can be found useful in the process of learning and teaching. The Upanishads The Vedas were followed by the Brahmanas and Aranyakas. While the Brahmanas dealt with the ritualistic aspects of the Veda, the Aranyakas brought out the inner meaning of the teachings of the Rishis. The Aranyakas were followed by the Upanishads. The word ...
... expert in three ragas of Indian music. He was familiar with the various strata of Indian society. His keen observation surveyed all sorts and conditions of men, princes and peasants, wise and worldly Brahmanas, fishermen and policemen. In fact his knowledge seems so extensive that some authors saw it fit to give him the title of Sarvajna: the all-knowing.** ______________ *Kalpika Mukherjee, "Kalidasa... ancient history of India is supposed to have extended from an uncertain date up to the birth of Buddha, i.e 550 or 560 BC. It is also called the Vedic age or age of intuition. The Vedas, Brahmanas and Upanishads correspond to that age. The second period is the age of Reason. The great epic literature (mainly the Ramayana and Mahabharata), great philosophical systems, codes and ethics, ...
... was secured in its results by a larger sublime efflorescence. This is what we find in the Upanishads, which have always been recognised in India as the crown and end of the Veda, Vedanta. While the Brahmanas concentrated on Vedic rituals, the Upanishads renewed the Vedic truth by extricating it from its cryptic symbols and casting it into the highest ____________________ 6 See also RV. 1:68.1-3... fellow-feeling was seen as an ethical application of the spiritual unity which is an essential idea of Vedanta. The Buddhistic theory of karma could have been supported from the utterances of the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. Actually, the Vedic tradition absorbed Page 23 all that could be of Buddhism, but rejected its exclusive positions. V. Purano-Tantric Age: Second Stage of Hinduism ...
... since certain Brahmanas, which followed the Veda, contain references to celestial events such as solstices and equinoxes which can be dated as far as 3000 B.C. From mathematics, as the mathematical knowledge at the basis of the remarkably planned Harappan cities (from 3000 B.C.) and their elaborate fire altars is contained in certain Sutras, themselves dating later than the Brahmanas. From metallurgy ...
... standard of all truth. But there has always been this double and incompatible tradition about the Veda that it is a book of ritual and mythology and that it is a book of divine knowledge. The Brahmanas seized on the one tradition, the Upanishads on the other. Later, the learned took the hymns for a book essentially of ritual and works, they went elsewhere for pure knowledge; but the instinct of... the Vedic Rishis did take advantage of this greater potentiality of their language,—note their dealings with such words as gau and candra . The Nirukta bears evidence to this capacity and in the Brahmanas and Upanishads we find the memory of this free and symbolic use of words still subsisting. Certainly, Dayananda had not the advantage that a comparative study of languages gives to the European ...
... Veda helps me by showing what a man of great erudition some hundreds of years ago thought to be the Page 94 sense of the Scripture. But I cannot forget that even at the time of the Brahmanas * the meaning of the Veda had become dark to the men of that prehistoric age I find that Shankara had grasped much of Vedantic truth, but that much was dark to him. I am bound to admit what he realised;... darkness that has fallen upon it, cease to think or hold opinions at second and third hand and reassert its right to judge and enquire in a perfect freedom into the ________________ * The Brahmanas are the part of the Veda consisting of commentaries on the Mantras, instructions for rituals, myths and legends, etc. Page 95 meaning of its own Scriptures. When that day comes ...
... religion too moralised & subjective, were their ceremonies too supported by an esoteric symbolism? The immediate or at any rate the earliest known successors of the Rishis, the compilers of the Brahmanas, the writers of theUpanishads give a clear & definite answer to this question.The Page 27 Upanishads everywhere rest their highly spiritual & deeply mystic doctrines on the Veda.We read... Upanishads show the deep sense then & before entertained that the sacrifices had a spiritual meaning which must be known if they were to be conducted with full profit or even with perfect safety. The Brahmanas everywhere are at pains to bring out a minute symbolism in the least circumstances of the ritual, in the clarified butter, the sacred grass, the dish, the ladle. Moreover, we see even in the earliest ...
... authority for the truths they themselves announced and these too afterwards came to be regarded as Sruti, revealed Scripture, and were included in the sacred Canon. This tradition persevered in the Brahmanas and continued to maintain itself in spite of the efforts of the ritualistic commentators, Yajnikas, to explain everything as myth and rite and the division made by the Pandits distinguishing the section... into their secret knowledge, while the scholars afterwards were at sea and had to resort to conjecture and to concentrate on a mental interpretation or to explain by myths, by the legends of the Brahmanas themselves often symbolic and obscure. But still to make this discovery will be the sole way of getting at the true sense and the true value of the Veda. We must take seriously the hint of Yaska, ...
... Glimpses of Vedic Literature Brahmanas Brahmanas (contd.) ...
... turns human aspiration into divine victory, a will that enables man to rise above human limitations so as to become a candidate for perfection. The Vedas were followed by the Brahmanas and Aranyakas. While the Brahmanas dealt with the ritualistic aspects of the Veda, the Aranyakas brought out the inner meaning of the teachings of the Rishis. The Aranyakas were followed by the Upanishads. The word ...
... the goatkiml.¹ [10] When they established Him vastly, in how many ways did they conceive Him? What was His face, how were His arms and how His feet they spoke of? [11] The Brahmanas were His face, the royalties were made His arms, the traders were His thighs and the labourers (proletarians) were born of His feet. [12] The moon was born from His mind, the sun from... awakened through a certain subtle duct in the body, evoked by manifold metrical hymns of the Sarna Veda. This Vidya is commonly found in all the Vedas. It is the essence of all Vedic mantras, Brahmanas and Upanishads. It is the Queen of the Shaktichakra, a wave of supremely great light, a form or embodiment of supreme consciousness. This is a mystic truth inherited from a tradition of Gurus. ...
... Vedanta, it is necessary to understand precisely the intellectual basis of the great Buddhistic doctrine and the point at which it separated from the lesser idea of Karma we find indicated in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. In the world as we see it, there are two fundamental aspects or faces in which existence presents itself to our ultimate mental perceptions, first, self-conscious, self-governing existence ...
... of the spiritual unity which is the essential idea of Vedanta. 3 The most characteristic tenets of the new discipline, Nirvana and Karma, could have been supported from the utterances of the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Buddhism could easily have claimed for itself a Vedic origin and the claim would have been no less valid than the Vedic ascription of the Sankhya philosophy and discipline with which ...
... smallest circumstances of the sacrifice around which the hymns were written were intended to carry a symbolic and psychological power of significance, as was well known to the writers of the ancient Brahmanas. The sacred verses, each by itself held to be full of a divine meaning, were taken by the thinkers of the Upanishads as the profound and pregnant seed-words of the truth they sought and the highest ...
... instinctive and uninformed life. The ancients held that all men are born in their lower nature as Shudras and only regenerated by ethical and spiritual culture, but in their highest inner self are Brahmanas capable of the full spirit and godhead, a theory which is not far perhaps from the psychological truth of our nature. And yet when the soul develops, it is in this Swabhava and Page 747 ...
... existence. The Gita closes this chapter with what seems at first sight a recondite utterance. The formula OM, Tat, Sat, is, it says, the triple definition of the Brahman, by whom the Brahmanas, the Vedas and sacrifices were created of old and in it resides all their significance. Tat, That, indicates the Absolute. Sat indicates the supreme and universal existence in its principle. OM is ...
... Sayana's commentary on the Veda helps me by showing what a man of great erudition some hundreds of years ago thought to be the sense of the Scripture. But I cannot forget that even at the time of the Brahmanas the meaning of the Veda had become dark to the men of that prehistoric age. Shankara's commentary on the Upanishads helps me by showing what a man of immense metaphysical genius and rare logical force ...
... chose more often than not to throw whatever they wished to endure, even philosophy, science and law, into metrical form, it was not merely to aid the memory,—they were able to memorise huge prose Brahmanas quite as accurately as the Vedic hymnal or the metrical Upanishads,—but because they perceived that metrical speech has in itself not only an easier durability, but a greater natural power than ...
... Guptas. Our task now is to search in India's traditional accounts for an Indian analogue of Dionysus. Along with the Purānas, we must draw upon other repositories of tradition - the Vedas, the Brahmanas and the Epics. Dionysus in India The Greek Dionysus is, in the first place, a religious figure, the god of wine. Hence, strictly speaking, his Indian analogue is Soma. Soma ...
... an Aryan invasion through the Panjab is not a myth of the philologists 4 .... Much indeed of the forms and symbols of thought which we find in the Upanishads, much of the substance of the Brahmanas supposes a period in India in which thought took the form or the veil of secret teachings such as those of the Greek Mysteries." The Upanishads are at present regarded as a movement breaking ...
... out of their innermost vision and realization. The Vedas are a compilation of these verses, and other prose writings as well. 43. Upanishads are the books of knowledge that came after the Vedas, Brahmanas and the Aranyakas. They are also called the vedanta as they contain the essence of the knowledge contained in the Vedas. Page 42 The word Upanishad consists of three components: upa meaning ...
... needed for the growth and fulfillment of spiritual love. You keep your mind fixed on me always, and you will attain to me before long." Śrī Śuka said. 33. Being thus instructed, the wives of those Brahmanas returned to the sacrificial campus. Their husbands showed them no ill will, but helped by them, completed the sacrifice. 34. There was, however, one woman who had been sternly debarred by her husband ...
... You must not linger at wayside illuminations however beautiful or even useful some may be. The ideal of the paryataka – the wanderer – may be taken as a concrete symbol of this principle. The Brahmanas described it graphically in the famous phrase, caraivete, "move on". The Vedic Rishi sang of it in the memorable hymn to Dawn, the goddess who comes today the last of a succession of countless ...
... Blake, 164 Boehme, 150 Bosanquet, 326 Boscovich, 333 BoseiJagadish Chandra, 306, 322 Bottrall, Ronald, 193-4 -The Thyrsus Retipped, 193n Brahmanas, the, 222, 365 Bradley, 326 Britain, 89, 104-5, 128 British Isles, the, 100 Buddha, 8, 50, 54-5, 166, 195, 208, 215-6, 222, 243, 280, 384 Buddhism, 54, 110, 166, 280 ...
... Upanishads Part Three General Remarks There is profuse richness in the records of yoga that we find in the Vedic Samhitas and Upanishads, and also in the Brahmanas and Aranyakas to some extent. The exposition that is presented is somewhat detailed, and it is likely to appear much too repetitive. But considering the immense richness of the original material, ...
... 58 Bhaga,10,11,12 Bhakti Yoga, 7 Bharadwaja, 31, 34 Bharat Muni, 102 Brahma Sutra, 88 Brahmacharin, 33,37,63 Brahmacharya, 33,52 Brahman, 24, 28,30,37 Brahmanas, 66,87,89 Brahmin, 42, 52 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, 30,70 Brihaspati, 13,14 Brihat, 12, 47 British, 50, 84 Buddha, 83 Buddhi, 28 Buddhism, 8,46,59,84 ...
... period is generally called the Vedic period. Modern scholars divide it into three sub-periods: (1) the age of the Mantras (inevitable expressions of spiritual knowledge and power); (2) the age of the Brahmanas (prose writings in justification of Vedic rituals and practices); and (3) the age of the Upanishads (prose and poetical writings containing intuitions of spiritual explorers). Page 83 The ...
... the Veda itself declares, 'The priests of the world climb thee like a ladder, O hundred powered. As one ascends from peak to peak, there is made clear the much that has still to be done'. (brahmanas tva shatakrata ud vamsham iva yomire. Yat sanoh sanum aruhad bhuri aspasta kartvam) It seems, therefore, that the central question of Indian Culture has been to ask as to how ...
... in the Opsara. The original meaning is everywhere felt as a shining background, but most in the older allegories, especially the strange and romantic legend of Pururavus as we first have it in the Brahmanas and the Vishnupurana. But then came in the materialistic side of the Hindu mind and desired some familiar term, the earthlier the better, in which to phrase its romantic conception; this was found ...
... are Dasyus or Dasas; they are spoken of constantly by that name, they are described as the Dasa Varna as opposed to the Arya Varna, and varṇa , colour, is the word used for caste or class in the Brahmanas and later writings, although it does not therefore follow that it has that sense in the Rig Veda. The Dasyus are the haters of the sacred word; they are those who give not to the gods the gift or ...
... of bringing out into open expression all that was held covered in the symbolic Vedic speech as a mystery and a secret. It begins by taking up the imagery and the ritual symbols of the Veda and the Brahmanas and turning them in such a way as to bring out an inner and a mystic sense which will serve as a sort of psychical starting-point for its own more highly evolved and more purely spiritual philosophy ...
... The religious institution of sacrifice governs the whole society and all its hours and moments, and the ritual of the sacrifice is at every turn and in every detail, as even a cursory study of the Brahmanas and Upanishads ought to show us, mystically symbolic. The theory that there was nothing in the sacrifice except a propitiation of Nature-gods for the gaining of worldly prosperity and of Paradise ...
... really founded itself throughout on the traditional elements preserved in Sayana's commentary and has not attempted an entirely independent handling of the problem. What it found in Sayana and in the Brahmanas it has developed in the light of modern theories and modern knowledge; by ingenious deductions from the comparative method applied to philology, mythology and history, by large amplifications of the ...
... of the Sun. If is means food, then we have to understand by the phrase "food of cow's flesh", but, although the eating of cow's flesh was not forbidden in the early times, as is apparent from the Brahmanas, still that this sense which Sayana avoids as shocking to the later Hindu sentiment, is not intended—it would be quite as absurd as the other,—is proved by another verse of the Rig-veda in which the ...
... निरुद्धरेतस्कः सन् रेतोरुपं गर्भं शशाप । जात्यंधत्वरुपं दीर्घं तमः प्राप्नुहीति । ततस्तस्यां दीर्घतमा अजनिष्ट । स चांध्यपरिहारायाग्निं स्तुत्वा चक्षुरलभतेति । This story like other myths of the Brahmanas seems to be a Vedantic parable. In any case the blindness of the text is obviously a spiritual blindness. दुरितं, false going, stumbling = sin or misfortune, here sin, as we have सुकृतः. 14) ...
... spiritual. Therefore the Vedas are justly called Sruti or revelation. Of these the Rig, Yajur, Sama & Atharvan are the fertilising rain which gave the plant of the Truth nourishment and made it grow, the Brahmanas are the forest in which the plant is found, the Aranyakas are the soil in which it grows, the Upanishads are the plant itself, roots, stalk, leaves, calix and petals, and the flower which manifests ...
... deities. They considered them to be divine beings whose nature was vital, moral and spiritual, not simply material; they thought sacrifice to be a helpful and even a necessary symbolism. Throughout the Brahmanas & Upanishads we see this constant idea and the great pains taken to penetrate into the meaning not only of Vedic language but of Vedic ritual. We have therefore two different clues to the inner sense ...
... established his laws of gravitation & the indestructibility of matter,—the Hindu perceiving many truths of Veda surviving in Purana & Tantra & Itihasa, already present in the deeper passages of the Brahmanas,—will not easily believe that the European scholars’ is the last word & that in this modern rubbish of Nature-worship & incoherent semi-savage poetry we have the secret of that Veda from which Vedanta ...
... worship, sacrifice for material ends; hence the use of them for worldly life and in so-called magic rites which comes out prominently in the Atharva Veda and is behind much of the symbolism of the Brahmanas. 5 But in man himself the gods are conscious psychological powers. "Will-powers, they do the works of will; they are the thinkings in our hearts; they are the lords of delight who take delight; ...
... the Apsaras. The original meaning is everywhere felt as a shining background, but most in the older allegories, especially the strange and romantic legend of Pururavas as we first have it in the Brahmanas and the Vishnupurana." The Apsaras are also "the divine Hetaira of Paradise, beautiful singers and actresses whose beauty and art relieve the arduous and world-long struggle of the Gods against ...
... "Magus" for a Persian priest: we read, in the Purānas, of the Śakadvīpa - Śaka-territory - where dwell the Maga dvijas who worship the sun-god; 2 we have in India of later times the Maga-Brahmanas, the Persian priests (Magi) who migrated to India and appear to have contributed to the growth of the Ujjain school of astronomy. 3 The Mah ā bh ā rata (VI.l2,33) enumerates the peoples of ...
... synthesis of yoga was later on broken into specialised processes of Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Mantra Yoga and several other specialised processes. During the immediately succeeding period of Brahmanas, the great synthesis of the Vedic yoga came to be reduced to ritualistic Page 40 practice of sacrifice, and there came about an opposition between the ritualistic karma kanda and Jnana ...
... Ill (a) The Vedic Yoga and its synthesis was not lost, in spite of an increasing tendency towards ritualism and development of an emphasis on Karmakanda, reflected so prominently in the Brahmanas. The luminous seed of the Veda continued to sprout, and we find in the Upanishads a fresh stir of yogic search and reconfirmation of Vedic methods and Vedic realisations, even new formulations, deeper ...
... initiated but were either not known by others or were taken by them in an outward sense which carefully covered their true meaning and secret."² Sri Aurobindo proceeded, in due course, to study Brahmanas and the Upanishads, and various other interpretations of the Veda. He examined Vedic scholars, beginning from Yaska ending with Sayana, studied the mythological, legendary and historical elements ...
... Emperor Dasaratha, stricken as he was with grief and be wailing his son, forthwith left his body and ascended to heaven. Bharata, who was very powerful, though being urged to accept the throne by the Brahmanas headed by the sage Vasistha (the family priest and preceptor of the kings of Ayodhya), on the king having departed '(to the other world), did not covet the throne. He proceeded to the forest in ...
... Sisir, 182 Bhusuku, 259, 272-3, 275, 277, 283, 287 Bible, the, 24 –Exodus, 24n. Biruba, 257 Brahma, 154,212 Brahman, 17,49-51,57,85, 136, 159 Brahmanas, the, 152 Britain , 11 Buddha, the, 148, 208, 223,234, 236, 245,247-8,265,268 Burma , 12 CALCUTTA , 57 Capella, 297 Chandidas, 158 ...
... seer-will" or "one possessed of the seer-will". You have also to see the connection of Agni with Satya, the Truth. The good, the "Shreyas", which Agni does is the increase in Truth – Satyam. In the Brahmanas there are many hints that suggest the symbolism in the Veda. Yama, probably, is the Truth working on the physical aspect of the universe. The word dhl, 'rtam, satyam, brhat are among the important ...
... wakeful state. The first burgeoning of the Rational Mind proper, the stress of intellect and intellectuality started towards the end of the Upanishadic Age with the Mahabharata, for example and the Brahmanas. It flowered in full vigour, however, in the earlier philosophical schools, the Sankhyas perhaps, and in the great Buddhist illumination – Buddha being, we note with interest, almost a contemporary ...
... cultural life throughout India, 450; no racial or linguistic chasm between 'Aryan' and 'Dravidian', 450-51; little 'history' in the Vedic hymns, 450-51; Veda, a treasure-house of spiritual culture, 451; Brahmanas and Upanishads, Karma and Jnana, 451; Sayana's ritualistic interpretation, 451-52;Westem naturalistic interpretation, 452; Dayananda's restoration of Veda as religious scripture, 452; Sri Aurobindo's ...
... worship, sacrifice for material ends; hence the use of them for worldly life and in so-called magic rites which come out prominently in the Atharva Veda and is behind much of the symbolism of the Brahmanas.12 But in man him- self the gods are conscious psychological powers. Will- powers, they do the works of will; they are the thinkings in our hearts; they are the lords of delight who take delight ...
... The religious institution of sacrifice governs the whole society and all its hours and moments, and the ritual of the sacrifice is at every turn and in every detail, as even a cursory study of the Brahmanas and Upanishads ought to show us, mystically symbolic.... Not only the actual religious worship but also the social institutions of the time were penetrated through and through with the symbolic spirit ...
... the Indians. "Eating onions and garlic was visited with loss of caste." "Different kinds of beverages and wines were drunk by the respective castes—syrup of grapes and of sugar-cane being drunk by Brahmanas and Buddhist monks; wines from vine and sugarcane by Kshatriyas; strong distilled spirit by Vaisyas, and unspecified kinds of drinks by the low mixed castes." And what was his opinion about its people ...
... The originator of chaturvarna, or the four castes as it has come to be known, was Brahma himself. From his own body Page 376 he brought them out. From his face were born the Brahmanas, Kshatriyas from his arms, Vaishyas issued from his thigh, and from his feet issued the Shudras. For the good order of the world the Creator assigned to each varna its special, particular duty. ...
... complete union. Here the bride is made to take three major steps, and at each step she is married to a higher and diviner mode of being. The first transformation is done when she is united with Brahmana. Brahmana is Brahman as the Divine Word, the expression or embodiment of the soul-truth. In the ordinary normal path of sadhana, it is the stage when one has got the mantra and inner initiation, and... she is protected even like the kingdom of a king." (4) Of this the ancients spoke, the seven seers engaged in tapas. Page 22 The mighty bride stood by the side of the Brahmana, He who has the divine Word: she takes up and places the densest material into the highest heaven. (5) One who lives and moves in Brahman enters into all the domains and becomes one limbed ...
... To validate the Meluhha-Mlechchha equivalence which investigators have found so appealing, the last Brahmana which first speaks of the Mlechchhas must obviously be dated somewhere near Page 218 the Harappan culture and not come a millennium after it. In Sethna's analysis the Brahmana falls just where it should, contemporary with the Harappan beginnings; the connection of these two... approximated by Sumerian "Meluhha" - it came later to be applied to all who talk in a strange or non-Aryan way, such as tribal peoples and Dravidians. The example of Mlechchha utterance cited by the Brahmana, however, indicates clearly that it is alluding to a mode of speech that was not non-Aryan at all but simply "corrupt" in relation to Sanskrit. Thus, the language of the Harappan culture may be deduced ...
... 2, 4, 5 I.31 1) त्वमग्ने प्रथमो अङ्गिरा ऋषिर्देवो देवानामभवः शिवः सखा । तव व्रते कवयो विद्मनापसोऽजायंत मरुतो भ्राजदृष्टयः ॥ Say. अङ्गिराः because their father जनकत्वात्, cf Brahmana येऽङ्गारा आसंस्तेऽङ्गिरसोऽभवन् । व्रते = कर्मणि Vrata (वर्तन) must mean more = motion, habitual Page 553 action, law of works, act & motion. विद्य्नापसो. So compounded Say. विद ज्ञाने ...
... which takes the whole of Life and the world as a pleasant and amusing play. II. Shakti Chatusthaya Viryam, Shakti, Daivi Prakriti, Sraddha Viryam: Chaturvarnya in guna Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra Brahmana: Dhairyam, Jnanalipsa, Jnanaprakasha, Brahmavarchasya. Shakti is the right guna and right state of activity or right elements of shakti-character in all parts of the system... It is the qualities of the four varnas in character. The perfect man has all the four in him, although one usually predominates and gives the character its general type. First, a man should have Brahmana qualities, [those of] 2 the man of knowledge. He should have, first, the general temperament of the Brahmin, that is to say calmness, patience, steadiness and thoughtfulness, which may all be expressed... to serve God-in-all. This is Dasyalipsa. The perfection of the Shudra nature is in self-surrender, the giving of one's self without demanding a return. This is Atmasamarpana. The nature of the Brahmana is knowledge, of the Kshatriya force and courage, of the Vaishya skill in works, and of the Shudra selfgiving and service. The perfect character possesses all of these; for they are necessary for ...
... that these are all in the direction of emotional sweetness and artistic beauty, may easily be seen by comparing with the drama a translation of the original story as it appears in the [Shatapatha Brahmana.] Page 195 ...
... born and that strikes the note of his character and determines the type and cast of all his actions; the rest is subordinated to the dominant type and helps to give it its complement. No Brahmana is a complete Brahmana, unless he has the Kshatratejas in him, the Vaishyashakti and the Shudrashakti, but all these have to serve in him the fullness of his Brahmanyam. God manifests Himself as the four Prajapatis... comes within its scope. The Vaishya, purified and liberated, becomes the supreme giver and lover & enjoyer, Vishnu's ansha preserving & making the most of the world. He is the Vishnushakti, as the Brahmana is the Shivashakti & the Kshatriya the Rudrashakti. Shudrashakti कामः प्रेमः दास्यलिप्सात्मसमर्पणमिति शुद्रशाक्तिः । Kamah, premah, dasyalipsa atmasamarpanam iti Shudrashaktih. The Shudra... shaktis, because his nature goes direct towards complete atmasamarpana; but the Shudra bound has cut himself off from knowledge, power and skill & lost himself in the tamoguna. He has to recover the Brahmana, Kshatriya & Vaishya in himself and give them up to the service of God, of man, of all beings. The principle of kamah or desire in him must change from Page 10 the seeking after physical ...
... but a state of mere being with the most indispensable positive element. The Goraknath people also follow this affirmative way. From the point of view of realisation, there are three aspects of Brahmana—Atman or self, Purusha or Soul, Ishwara or God. The Adwaitins negate both Purusha and Ishwara and arrive at the unity of the Atman and Brahman. The Buddhists negate all the three aspects and arrive ...
... compassion, protection of the weak, liberality, observance of social duty, eagerness for knowledge, respect for the wise and learned, the social accomplishments. It was the combined ideal of the Brahmana and the Kshatriya. Everything that departed from this ideal, everything that tended towards the ignoble, mean, obscure, rude, cruel or false, was termed un-Aryan. There is no word in human speech ...
... these four temperaments under the predominant rule of one of them. In the Indian terminology, these four types of temperaments are called, respectively, brahmana, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra. The ideal character and soul-power of the Brahmana appears during its development in temperament and personality marked by hunger and passion for knowledge, for its growth in oneself and its communication ...
... law, 0 Brahmana, by your guiltless words, I am assured. (2) Sītā (the daughter of Videha) had already assured (us of her pure conduct) in front of the gods and had Page 278 taken oath and then was she allowed to enter the inner apartments. (3) "Public opinion has a supervening power; it is for this reason that Maithilī (Sītā) was forsaken. "I forsook this Sītā, 0 Brahmana, due to ...
... But the Sadhu simply waived the matter aside as being of no importance. This account was given by Sir John Woodroffe. The Vedas are divided into two parts: Mantra Page 240 and Brahmana. The Mantra or the metrical portion is known as Samhita. "We must recollect that in the Vedic system the Word was the creatrix," explains Sri Aurobindo. "The ancient Vedic theory and practice ...
... them as distinct things. Q. Do the ancients speak of arts—especially plastic arts ? A. In the Veda, the arts are spoken of by implication;— as also is beauty. In the Ait. Brahmana in 6.27 it is said: "Human arts are an imitation of the Divine arts. It is in imitation of the Angelic works of arts that any work of art is arrived at here—for example, a clay elephant, a brazen ...
... must have lived in the first half of the 7th century AD. But there are evidence to show that the grammarian Bhartrihari lived a few centuries earlier. According to some, Bhartrihari was a Shaiva Brahmana; according to some others, he was a Buddhist. There are also interesting tales that make Bhartrihari a disciple of Gorakhnatha, a Shaiva saint, whose dates, too, are quite uncertain. According ...
... our provisional conclusion from philology by a careful examination of the images of this parable. Yet before we proceed to this inquiry, it is as well to note that in the very opening of his second Brahmana, the Rishi passes on immediately from aswa the horse to Ashanaya mrityu, Hunger that is death and assigns this hunger that is death as the characteristic, indeed the very nature of the Force that... Aswa for men. But is he not Aswa for all? why particularly for men? The answer is that the Rishi is already moving forward in thought to the idea of Ashanaya Mrityu with which he opens the second Brahmana of the Upanishad. Man, first & supreme type of terrestrial creatures, is most of all subject to this mystery of wasting & death which the Titans bear with difficulty & the gods Page 286 ...
... happens, spiritual knowledge and spiritual methods often get clouded and deteriorated into external ritualism, and this seems to have happened in regard to the Vedic knowledge, as can be seen from the Brahmana literature. Normally, under the excessive weight of ritualism and growing obscurity, the original knowledge would have been eclipsed almost totally, but in India there came about a period of a fresh ...
... power which affirms and confirms in the settled rhythm of things. That which has to be expressed is realised in consciousness, affirmed, finally confirmed by the power of the Word. The "Brahma"s or Brahmana forces are the priests of the Word, the creators by the divine rhythm. It is by their cry that Brihaspati breaks Vala into fragments. As Vritra is the enemy, the Dasyu, who holds back the flow ...
... knowledge and spiritual methods often get clouded Page 66 and deteriorated into external ritualism, and this seems to have happened in regard to the Vedic knowledge, as can be seen from the Brahmana literature. Normally, under the excessive weight of ritualism and growing obscurity, the original knowledge would have been eclipsed almost totally, but in India there came about a period of a fresh ...
... Further see that to the Brahmana who waits upon Kausalya with benedictions (everyday), devoted as he is to her, who is a teacher of those studying the Taittiriya recension of the Black Yajurveda, is a knower of all the Vedas and (as such) worthy (in everyway), 0 son of Sumitrā, are duly gifted a conveyance and servant maids and silken robes and as much wealth as that Brahmana may feel satisfied with... actually caused that wealth to be distributed among Brāhmanas who were (yet mere) boys, the aged, and to the afflicted(28) They say there lived in those days in the forest (near about Ayodhyā) a Brahmana, Trijata by name, born in the line of Page 88 Garga, who looked pale (due to privations) and, (all) his means of subsistence having failed, always carried an axe, a spade and a ploughshare... ploughshare living as he did by digging the soil (in order to get roots and bulbs etc.). (29) Taking her young children (with her) his wife, who was (still) young, (approached and) spoke to the said Brahmana, who had grown old, as follows: —"Although the husband is a (veritable) god to the weaker sex (does not deserve to be commanded by his wife), (pray) follow my instructions, discarding the hatchet and ...
... matched - again with a closer scrutiny than given before by like-minded scholars - with a name applied from more inland India to people of the Indus Valley for the first time in the Satapatha Brahmana which just precedes the earliest Sutras and would thus synchronize by the new chronology most appropriately with the initial development of the Harppā Culture. The name is Mlechchha which becomes ...
... including even those who five years earlier had been hostile to Sri Chaitanya, came from distant places to pay homage to him. The rush was so great and the crowd so numerous that, on the advice of two Brahmana brothers — ministers in the court of the Muhammadan King of Bengal and whom he had just won over to Bhakti — Sri Chaitanya decided not to go on towards Brindavan, but to return to Puri. He started ...
... had attained the realization of the integral Brahman, and who was also radical and even militant in the sharpness of behaviour. In the third chapter of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and in the first Brahmana, it is narrated that when Janaka, the king of Videha, in an assembly of seekers and mystics had gathered at a sacrifice, a question was asked by him as to who among those assembled had attained the... knowledge durst not. Then Yājnavalkya: "Sāmaśravas, my dear, drive them away." Page 75 He drove them away. The brahmans were angry. "How can he declare himself to be the best brahmana among us?"75 Thereafter a long dialogue ensued. Many reputed Brahmans raised questions one after the other. Among them (Gārgī) was one, and she too was daring and courageous. She also raised... the third chapter, ended, and there was no further dispute. Yājnavalkya had won. [vii] We may also add here the conversation of Yājnavalkya and Maitreyī', which is narrated in the fourth Brahmana of the second chapter. 'Maitreyī!' said Yājnavalkya, 'lo, verily, I am about to go forth from this place. Behold! let me make a final settlement for you and that Kātyāyanī.' Then said Maitreyī; ...
... ωτƞς. It will mean the thinker or else the giver of thought, the mentaliser. S. quotes Ai. Br. 2.10 अग्निः सर्वा मनोता अग्नौ मनोताः संगच्छंते and says हि shows that the verse is a reference to the Brahmana. This is chronologically impossible. अस्या धियो अभवो दस्म होता. दस्म (O active, or, O powerful) अस्याः धियः (of this thought) होता अभवः (thou hast become the priest of invocation). दस्म ...
... g of what black metal, shyamayas of the Atharvaveda is. It is certainly not iron, but an alloy of copper and tin, while ayas of the Rigveda is copper. Even in the later Shatapatha Brahmana, there is no knowledge of iron, lohayas or red metal being copper, ayas resembling gold being brass. Hence the Rigveda is considerably anterior to the iron age which Parpola fixes for ...
... spoke of Brahma the Creator in order to explain why the n was necessary in transliterating ब्रह्म the Eternal. As for the other word the correct English is Brahmin, but it is often transliterated Brahmana or Brahman in order to be nearer the Sanskrit. Usually, I write Brahmin but in the Press it gets altered into Brahman. 2 February 1933 Dynamis Dynamis is a Greek word, not current, so far ...
... kshatriyas but far from exclusively. Firstly, it is interesting to point out that the teachers of Dhanurveda (like Dronacharya, the teacher of the Pandavas and the Kauravas) were specifically from the brahmana class. Secondly, the Mahabharata refers to the acquisition of knowledge about war and weapons for all the four varnas. Kautiliya also approves of the participation of vaishyas and shudras ...
... * The reader is referred to the present writer's long article "Urvasi" (Sri Aurobindo Mandir Annual, 1949) for a historical study of the Urvasi-Pururavas myth from Rig Veda and Satapatha Brahmana to Sri Aurobindo and Rabindranath Tagore. Page 99 ...the quiet maiden East, Of some great poem out of dimness grew, Slowly unfolding into perfect speech. The grey lucidity ...
... writing school under the master Vishvamitra. There he inquired what he was to be taught besides the sixty-four kinds of writing he already knew. Another of Siddhartha's teachers, the high-born Brahmana Sabbamitta, was a philologist and grammarian, well-read in the six Vedangas,' whom King Suddhodana, Siddhartha's father, sent for and charged to teach his son. Once Siddhartha's relations complained ...
... heron (sound) Yama (injury, movement) a Kshatriya .. a Vrishni .. Yudhisthira (injure, fight) a false or pretended Brahmana (injury, bad, wicked) name of a people one of the eighteen divisions कंका a sort of sandal (contain, bind, tie) scent of a lotus (smell)... कुंडिन् horse. motion. Shiva. कुंडिर, कुंडीर — strong. The Dental Group. कुत् कुतपः fire .. sun. cf कुंड् Burning Page 638 guest .. Brahmana Dwija daughter’s son .. sister’s son ox. grain a musical instrument the eighth muhurta of the day कुतप: a suitable time for Sraddha कुतपं: कुतपं Kusha... defect +स्लुचः thief, robber, remover. Originally, a bee, thief of honey; then generally 1. a robber, thief; 2. a demon (fiend, enemy); 3. gnat, mosquito; 4. air or wind (stealer of fragrance); 5. a Brahmana neglecting the Yajnas, but still enjoying Brahmin privileges. 6. Fire, the remover of impurities. 7. An intercalary month, (removing the defect of the calendar). 8. Frost or snow, remover of sweetness ...
... courage, gentleness, purity, humanity, compassion, protection of the weak, liberality, observance of social duty, eagerness for knowledge, respect for the wise and learned... the combined ideal of the Brahmana and the Kshatriya.... Intrinsically, in its most fundamental sense, Arya means an effort or an uprising and overcoming. The Aryan is he who strives and overcomes all outside him and within ...
... heart. Sat-Purusha and Adya-Shakti A. B. Keith in his long introduction to the Taittiriya Sanhita belonging to the Veda of the Black Yajus School mentions that it, like the Shatapatha Brahmana, identifies Agni with Death which "leads to the suggestion that the sacrificer as Agni, as time, is death and as the sacrificer dies he becomes immortal, for death is his own self." 31 But it is ...
... compassion, protection of the weak, liberality, observance of social duty, eagerness for knowledge, respect for the wise and learned, the social accomplishments. It was the combined ideal of the Brahmana [the learned priest] and the Kshatriya [the knight]. Everything that departed from this ideal, everything that tended towards the ignoble, mean, obscure, rude, cruel or false, was termed un-Aryan ...
... the physical body and makes its journey elsewhere. Many accounts have been detailed in books such as (i) Yoga-Vasistha Maharamayana, (ii) Garuda and Brahmavaivarta Puranas, (iii) Kausitaki Brahmana, (iv) Chhandogya Upanishad, (v) Aranyaka Shruti. One Janaki Mukhopadhyaya wrote a book titled Mṛtyu-path or The Way of Death in the early part of the twentieth Century. He discussed ...
... approaching Sri Aurobindo's definitive realisation of the nature of the Supermind. Virya energy, strength of character; soul-force expressing itself through the fourfold personality (brahmana, ksatriya, vaisya, sudra), an element of the sakticatustaya. Ashta Siddhi There are two siddhis of knowledge, three of power and three of being. All siddhis exist already ...
... unidentified. The word "Yavana", which our historians love to equate mostly with "Greek", cannot here signify this, for Vindhyaśakti, their principal member, is familiar to students of history as "a Brahmana belonging to the Vishnuvriddha gotra" and as "the founder of the Vakataka dynasty" (Sircar, "The Dcccan after Ihe Sātavāhanas", The Age of Imperial Unity, p. 219). 3."The Deccan after the ...
... compassion, protection of the weak, liberality, observance of social duty, eagerness for knowledge, respect for the wise and learned, the social accomplishments. It was the combined ideal of the Brahmana and the Kshatria. Everything that departed from this ideal, everything that tended towards the ignoble, mean, obscure, rude, cruel or false, was termed un-Aryan. There is no word in human speech ...
... genius. But it can't be taught, nor any process invented—it is just a gift of Nature. By the way I have a letter from Prithwisingh—it appears that it was your uncle who pressed him to accept the Brahmana Sabha offer of 35,000 [thirty five thousands] saying it was a very advantageous offer—all whom he consulted concurred. Your uncle Khagendranath Majumdar asked him to write and tell Dilip it is a good... this success), she will be able to do something new and quite her own. Page 90 May 25, 1936 Herewith a cheque from Prithwisingh, earnest money for the sale of the house to the Brahmana Sabha. The sale is dependent on vacating by December 12 th . I shall have to send along a terrific whiff of power to get the Asura out of Suradham; the Brahman Sabha is trying to wheedle him out of ...
... swashaktyam. Vaishya Danam, Vyayah, Kaushalam, Bhogalipsa. All perfect & rightly combined. Shudra Prema, Kama, Dasyalipsatmasamarpanam. Perfect & rightly combined. Brahmana — Jnanaprakasho, jnanalipsa, brahmavarchasyam, sthairyam. Well-combined & now almost perfect; but full prakasha does not yet extend to action, & therefore brahmavarchasya is not yet perfect ...
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