Chalukyas : ruled large parts of southern & central India between 6th & 12th centuries. Some historians accept their claim to be Chandravanshi Kshatriyas who migrated from Ayodhyā; others believe them to be descendants of Solankīs, the Gurjara Rājputs of Rājputāna. About 550 the Ashwamedha yajña was performed by Pulakeśin I who had made Vātāpi (present Badāmi in Bijāpur District) his capital. The kingdom of Pulakeśin II extended from the Narmadā to the Kāveri. Though he was overthrown by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman in 642, the kingdom was regained in 655 by his son Vikramāditya I whose son was defeated by the Rāshṭrakūṭas in 757. In 973, the Chālukyas under Tailappā overthrew the Rāshṭrakūṭas & founded the 2nd Chālukya dynasty that ruled from Kalyāṇi (modern Bāsavakalyān) until the end of 12th century when the kingdom was absorbed by the Yādavas of Devagiri on the west & the Hoysalas of Dwara-samudram. ― The Eastern Chālukyas ruled in Vengi (eastern Andhra Pradesh) from c.624-c.1070. The Chālukya-Cholas were descendants of Rajendra III the 28th Chālukya king of Vengi who united Chālukya & Cholā crowns by right of inheritance. He assumed the title of Kulottunga Cholā, & ruled from 1070 to 1122. The dynasty ruled over the Cholā kingdom till 1527 when with the death of Kulottunga Cholā III it sank into insignificance & its territories were overrun by Delhi’s Alā-ud-dīn Khilji. The rule of the Chālukyas marks a golden age in the history of Karnātaka. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade & commerce & development of new style of architecture called Chālukyan architecture. Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rāshṭrakūṭa court found eager patronage from the Western Chālukyas in the Jain & Veera-Shaiva traditions. The 11th century saw the birth of Telugu literature under the patronage of the Eastern Chālukyas. The government, at higher levels, was closely modelled after the Magadhan & Śatavāhana administrative machinery. The empire was divided into Mahārāshtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rāshtrakas (Mandala), Vishaya (district), Bhōga (group of 10 villages) which is similar to the Dasagrāma unit used by the Kadambas. At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style prevailed fully. In addition to imperial provinces, there were autonomous regions ruled by feudatories such as the Alūpas, the Gangas, the Banas & the Sendrakas. Local assemblies & guilds looked after local issues. Groups of mahājanas (learned Brahmins) looked after agrahāras (called ghatikā or “place of higher learning”) such as at Badāmi which was served by 2000 mahājanas & Aihole which was served by 500 mahājanas. Taxes were levied & were called the herjunka on loads, the kirukūla on retail goods in transit, the bilkode on sales, the pannaya on betels, siddaya on land & the vaddaravula levied to support royalty. The government, at higher levels, was closely modelled after the Magadhan & Śatavāhana administrative machinery. The empire was divided into Mahārāshtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rāshtrakas (Mandala), Vishaya (district), Bhōga (group of 10 villages) which is similar to the Dasagrāma unit used by the Kadambas. At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style prevailed fully. In addition to imperial provinces, there were autonomous regions ruled by feudatories such as the Alūpas, the Gangas, the Banas & the Sendrakas. Local assemblies & guilds looked after local issues. Groups of mahājanas (learned Brahmins) looked after agrahāras (called ghatikā or “place of higher learning”) such as at Badāmi which was served by 2000 mahājanas & Aihole which was served by 500 mahājanas. Taxes were levied & were called the herjunka on loads, the $kirukūla on retail goods in transit, the bilkode on sales, the pannaya on betels, siddaya on land & the vaddaravula levied to support royalty. Religion: Both Shaivism & Vaishnavism flourished; famous temples were built in places such as Pattadakal, Aihole & Mahākuta, & priests (archakas) were invited from northern India. The Badāmi kings initially dedicated temples to Vishnu, Shiva, Kartikeya, Ganapathi, Shakti, Surya, & Sapta Mātrikas. Jain temples were also erected in the Aihole complex, Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakeśin II was a Jain. Buddhism was on a decline, having made its ingress into Southeast Asia. This is confirmed by the writings of Hiuen-Tsiang. Badāmi, Aihole, Kurtukoti & Puligere (now Lakshmeshwar) were primary places of learning.
... choice, we should keep at the sacrifice of all else, belonged to that period; the second best came afterwards in larger, but still comparatively small nations and kingdoms like those of the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Pandyas, Cholas and Cheras. In comparison she received little from the greater empires that rose and fell within her borders, the Moghul, the Gupta or the Maurya—little indeed except political and ...
... larger than a modern district. The second best period of India, according to Sri Aurobindo, came afterwards in larger, but still comparatively small, nations and kingdoms like those of Pallavas, Chalukyas, Pandyas, Cholas and Cheras. Again, Sri Aurobindo finds that even when there developed the organisation of nations, kingdoms and empires, it was groupments of smaller nations which have had ...
... ātita sathvatsara-sateshu tri (tri) shu daśsotta-reshu." 7 Shrava adds that this way of naming the era "is used in a majority of copper plates and inscriptions of the Rāshtra-kūtas and Western Chalukyas". He goes on to quote a verse "found at the 1. Trim" kritādīni kelergo-agaika-gunāh sakdnte-abdah. 2. Nandādrindugunāstathā Śaka-nripasyānte kaiervatsarāh. 3.Benares Edition, p ...
... the Vindhya range, along the banks of the Godavari and Cauvery, the Krishna and Tunga-bhadra, many powerful dynasties have left their mark on our land: the Satabahanas, Pallavas, Pandyas, Badami Chalukyas, Cher as of Kerala and others. They are our bridge to the past. But although some of us may have an inaccurate or incomplete idea of India's past and of the integral meaning of its civilization ...
... nations - the Hebrew tribes, the Greek city states, the small medieval Italian cities, the modest-sized kingdoms of the Indian Heroic Age, the later (and not much bigger) kingdoms of the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras - that have given to humanity its most cherished glories. A monstrously forbidding concentration of humanity in capital cities like London, New York, Paris, Tokyo, New Delhi ...
... in bronze and silver. The Pagoda, a gold coin, was minted from 1715 onwards. The Pondicherry Pagoda bore a cross or a star on one face. Centuries before the Europeans, the Cholas and Eastern Chalukyas of South India minted gold coins mainly of two denominations: varaha or pagoda and fanam, a tenth of varaha in weight and value. The Fanon, worth half a rupee, was the most used currency ...
... 1 "A Chola embassy of 72 merchants reached China in 1077 and received Page 116 Times changed. Kings changed. Rajaraja's great-grandson, Kulottunga I (1070-1122), who started the Chalukya-Chola dynasty, became king. He was one of the great kings of eastern Deccan, and ruled from Tanjore. Commerce with Sri Vijaya was very active. During the reign of Rajaraja, the ruler of Sri Vijaya... through the courtesy of my sister Suprabha, who got them from Lilou Patel.) - The temple was in existence at least as far back as the second century AD, asserts Jouveau-Dubreuil. 5 "The Chalukya monarch Vikramaditya II (733-746 AD)," writes R. C. Majumdar, "then entered Kanchi, which he did not destroy, and donated heaps of gold to the Rajasimheswara temple and other shrines which had been ...
... 24. Kushana School of Paintings (1st to 3rd century A.D.) 25. Gupta Period Paintings (4th too 6th century A.D.) 26. Vakataka Paintings (4th to 6th century A.D.) 27. Early Western Chalukya Paintings (6th to 8th century A.D.) 28. Bhanja Paintings (8th century A.D.) 29. Pallava Paintings (7th to 9th century A.D.) 30. Early Pandyan Paintings (7th to 9th century A.D.) ...
... 51,54,453,496-7.514,595,601 Vikramāditya, 18,51,53,227.496, 507,508,510.514-5,516,5t9; as a title, ii, 599, 600 Vikramāditya of Ayodhya, 406 -Vikramāditya V Chalukya, 39 Vikramāditya, son of Gardabilla, 517 Vikramāditya, Skandagupta, 599-600 Vikramāditya Sakari, 600-601 Vikramāditya of Ujjayinī, 481, 501-3,601,602 Vi ...
... of the Imperial line. King Dhavala of the Maurya dynasty is referred to in the Kanawa inscriptions of A.D. 738... Maurya chiefs of the Konkan and Khandesh are referred to in the early Chalukya and Yādava epigraphs. A Maurya prince of Magadha named Purnavarman is mentioned by Hiuen Tsang." The Āndhra line is itself said by the Brahmānda and the Vāyu Purānas (170-71; 99, 357) to have split... insufficient knowledge. But the suggestion is not altogether improbable." How can it be anything except "altogether improbable" when we are utterly in the dark, and the only source of light - the Chalukya records - has not even a hint about the Vākātakas? "Gupta-Feudatories" and the Gupta Era of 320 A.D. Here we may go on to remark that the idea of Gupta-feudatories using the ...
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