Dravidian : Sanjeev Sanyal: The theory of Aryan invasion had to be drastically revised when the remains of the sophisticated Harappan civilisation was discovered. They proved that Indian civilisation clearly predated 1500 BC. Oddly, the ‘Aryan invasion theory’ was not thrown away. It was now argued that a people called the Dravidians (supposed ancestors of modern-day Tamils) created the Indus cities & that these cities were destroyed by the invading Aryans. This theory too ran into trouble. There is virtually no archaeological or literary evidence of such a large scale invasion. The Harappan cities did not suddenly collapse but suffered a slow decline as a key river [the Saraswati] dried up & environmental conditions deteriorated…. The first thing that should be clear is that there are no ‘pure’ races in India. With the possible exception of some tiny isolated groups, the vast majority of Indian tribes, castes & communities are a mixture of many genetic streams.... A 2006 study showed that India’s population mix has been broadly stable for a very long time & there has been no major injection of Central Asian genes for over 10,000 years. It also showed that the population of Dravidian speakers has lived for a long time in southern India & the so-called Dravidian genetic pool may even have originated there. A study of 2009 suggests that the bulk of the Indian population can be explained by the mixture of two ancestral groups an older south Indian & a somewhat more recent north Indian but the latter have a 40-50% share even in the south India & among tribal groups of central India. Indeed, there is no ‘pure’ population of ancestral south Indian strand.” [Land of the Seven Rivers – A Brief history of India’s geography, 2012]
... have had); they are also compelled to date the Veda about 1000 BC, a ridiculously late date. The result is the fallacy of a rigid break between Aryan and Dravidian races, languages, civilizations, even deities (Shiva is Dravidian, Vishnu is Aryan!). India, maimed in her spirit and her physical being, has also been maimed in her past. We await a broader, bolder and un blinkered scholarship,... distinction had always rested for me on a supposed difference between the physical types of Aryan and Dravidian and a more definite incompatibility between the northern Sanskritic and the southern non-Sanskritic tongues. I knew indeed of the later theories which suppose that a single homogeneous race, Dravidian or Indo-Afghan, inhabits the Indian peninsula; but hitherto I had not attached much importance... of connected words. And it was through this Dravidian language that I came first to perceive what seems to me now the true law, origins and, as it were, the embryology of the Aryan tongues. I was unable to pursue my examination far enough to establish any definite conclusion, but it certainly seems to me that the original connection between the Dravidian and Aryan tongues was far closer and more extensive ...
... of Aryan-Dravidian. It presses for a revision of several notions largely accepted so far of Rigvedic or other borrowings by Sanskrit from Dravidian. It counters 20. The Linguistic Survey of India, Vol .IV , p.279. Page 29 most competently the pro-Dravidian bias set up in the minds of our philologists ever since Bishop Caldwell's Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages... to the time of the Vedic hymns or was the slow penetration of a small body of fair-skinned barbarians into a civilised Dravidian peninsula." 1 Here is a challenging proclamation waving a red rag in front of scholars who swear by categories like "Indo-European" and "Dravidian" as radical distinctions rendering it impossible for the Aryans to be essentially one people with the majority of the other... (1) the aboriginal peoples are the Veddids derived from the Veddas of Ceylon, (2) the Dravidian type has evolved, as Sir Arthur Keith held, from the Veddids as a result of environmental stimuli, (3) both the Veddids and the Indo-Aryans have been much modified by mutual contact, and (4) the present-day Dravidian-speakers of South India have an 8. "Race and Race Movements in India", The Cultural ...
... criticism is to be read. The commonly held view is that the Indus Civilization, which flourished during 2400-1700 B.C., was essentially a Dravidian one. It was urban, and seems to have grown from the skilful utilization of the fertile river valleys. Its Dravidian and urban nature were the characteristic ingredients of its * The Problem of Aryan Origins by K.D. Sethna. (S.S. Publishers, 52 Aurobindo... the acceptance of the extra-Indian origins of the Aryans also entails the acceptance of the fact that: (a)the Dravidian civilization of the Indus was at a far advanced stage, and the early Aryans comparatively 'barbaric'; (b)that modern Indian culture is far more Dravidian in its basis than has traditionally been conceded. Right through Shri Sethna's book one notices a pro-Aryan bias;... But nowhere does Sri Aurobindo equate the Rigveda's "non-Aryan" with "Dravidian." On the contrary he argues that "there is nothing in the present ethnological features of the country" to prove the common theory that there was, from outside India, a penetration of "a small body of fair-skinned barbarians into a civilized Dravidian peninsula". 16 The Rigveda's "non-Aryan" - its Dasa-Dasyu - is for Sri ...
... nationality into the northern Aryan race & the southern Dravidian, but sound observation shows a single physical type with minor variations pervading the whole of India from Cape Comorin to Afghanistan. Language is therefore discredited as an ethnological factor. The races of India may be all pure Dravidians, if indeed such an entity as a Dravidian race exists or ever existed, or they may be pure Aryans... extraordinary & imposingly unsubstantial structures were reared on the narrow basis of that unfortunate formula. First, there was the elaborate division of civilised humanity into the Aryan, Semitic, Dravidian & Turanian races, based upon the philological classification of the ancient and modern languages. More sensible & careful reflection has shown us that community of language is no proof of community... different languages—so different for instance as Latin and Sanscrit, Sanscrit & Tamil, Tamil and Latin? Latin, Greek & Sanscrit are supposed to be sister Aryan tongues, Tamil is set apart as of other & Dravidian origin. If we enquire on what foundation this distinct & contrary treatment rests, we shall find that community of origin is supposed on two main grounds, a common body of ordinary and familiar terms ...
... of Namazga V-VI derivation fairly soon adopted the local language, namely, the Proto-Dravidian, derived from the Harappan language spoken in this southern extension of the Indus civilization." 26 Here is Parpola's second allusion in his new article to his own theory that the Harappans spoke a proto-Dravidian language. His first allusion comes near the start of the article: 27 A major... they are the people we know of through the Rigveda as the enemies of the Aryans: the Dāsa-Dasyus of whom the Panis are one sect. These enemies, in Parpola's exposition, are neither the pastoral Dravidian aborigines they were once thought to be with their small palisades termed 'forts' in the Rigveda, nor the urban inhabitants of the Indus Civilization whom Wheeler and some others took to be the targets... doubted, Parpola appears to play down its basic significance, as if in its cultural and linguistic milieu it hardly counted for much. Putting aside the assumption that the Harappan language was Proto-Dravidian, is there any reason to talk of this presence as having been "quickly absorbed" into that milieu? The milieu itself might have been sufficiently in tune with Indo-Aryan speech. As for cultural absorption ...
... has been asserted that... the word Śiva must be explained from a Dravidian Śiva 'red'. Now the word Rudra in the Rig Veda often seems to mean 'red', and it seems probable that the conception of the god Rudra-Śiva has a tinge of Dravidian ideas. I have mentioned this word because it shows how fundamental the Dravidian influence on the Aryans can have been, not only philologically, but... 'causing pleasure, satisfaction'... Of these Śiva, śambhu and sahkara have now become Rudra's names. It is the merest accident that the Sanskrit Śiva 'beneficent' has the same sound as the Dravidian Śiva (= civa) 'red'. Have those that assert the etymological connexion between the two words been able to quote a single passage from the Vedas in which Śiva the epithet of Rudra means 'red'... that the Rigvedic Rudra exhibits one of the origins of later Hinduism's Shiva. Not by being red but by being white in hue does the tradition al Shiva distinguish himself. How, then, can the Dravidian term Śiva, signifying "red", be at all relevant as the original name of this deity? A long time back Sri Aurobindo returned a negative answer to the problem of relevance on the basis ...
... Origins Analytic Review of the Chapters CHAPTER Page 1. The theory of an invasion of Dravidian India by the Rigvedic Aryans in the 2nd millennium B.C. 1 Its unhealthy effect on North-South relationship today 1 Were the Rigvedic Aryans really outsiders and... the population now in the Punjāb and Saurāshtra 20 Anthropologically, India at present a predominantly dolichocephalic (long-headed) country 21 Veddid, Dravidian, Indo-Aryan 21-22 The evolution of the Dravidians within India 22 Indo-Aryans and Dravidians racially related in India 22-23 The Dravidians and... and the several immigrations into peninsular India 23-24 A single multi-charactered race in India at all times 24 Sri Aurobindo's outlook on Aryan-Dravidian difference and on Sanskrit-Tamil dissimilarity 24-26 Scholars' opinion: cultural and non-racial particulars in the Rigveda 26 Sri Aurobindo on old Sanskrit ...
... distinction had always rested for me on a supposed difference between the physical types of Aryan and Dravidian and a more definite incompatibility between the northern Sanskritic and the southern non-Sanskritic tongues. I knew indeed of the later theories which suppose that a single homogeneous race, Dravidian or Indo-Afghan, inhabits the Indian peninsula; but hitherto I had not attached much importance... of connected words. And it was through this Dravidian language that I came first to perceive what seems to me now the true law, origins and, as it were, the embryology of the Aryan tongues. I was unable to pursue my examination far enough to establish any definite conclusion, but it certainly seems to me that the original connection between the Dravidian and Aryan tongues was far closer and more extensive... India. For the rest, this is a conclusion to which ethnological speculation 2 itself has an increasing tendency. Page 37 But what then of the sharp distinction between Aryan and Dravidian races created by the philologists? It disappears. If at all an Aryan invasion is admitted, we have either to suppose that it flooded India and determined the physical type of the people, with whatever ...
... e is easy when the whole is thus seen and known; otherwise, it is impossible. This method of interpretation applies, however different the construction and the nature of the rendering, to all Dravidian architecture, not only to the mighty temples of far-spread fame, but to unknown roadside shrines in small towns, which are only a slighter execution of the same theme, a satisfied suggestion here... infinite multiplicity in the infinite oneness. It is a matter of our own experience and fullness of vision how much we leave out or bring in, whether we express so much or so little or attempt as in the Dravidian style to give the impression of a teeming inexhaustible plenitude. The largeness of this unity is base and continent enough for any superstructure or content of multitude. To condemn this abundance... the immense incidence of that vastness of infinity and tranquil silence, and that can only be given by its opposite, by an abundance of form and detail and life. As for the objection in regard to Dravidian architecture to its massiveness and its Titanic construction, the precise spiritual effect intended could not be given otherwise; for the infinite, the cosmic seen as a whole in its vast manifestation ...
... of the Aryan invasion supported by the conclusions of ethnologists like Sir Herbert Risley, who make an ethnological map of India coloured in with all shades of mixed raciality, Dravidian,Scytho-Dravidian, Mongolo-Dravidian, Scytho-Aryan. More modern schools of ethnology assert positively on the strength of [the] same laws & the same tests that there is but one homogeneous Indo-Afghan race inhabiting... has been more & more set at nought and discredited. My contention is that anarya, dasa and dasyu do not for a moment refer to the Dravidian races,—I am, indeed, disposed to doubt whether there was ever any such entity in India as a separate Aryan or a separate Dravidian race,—but always to Vritra, Vala & the Panis and other, primarily non-human, opponents of the gods and their worshippers. The new... according, if not an equal reverence, yet an almost equal sense of finality to the opinions of Roth & Max Muller. We are ready to accept all European theories, the theory of an “Aryan” colonisation of a Dravidian India, the theory of the Nature-worship and henotheism of the Vedic Rishis, the theory of the Upanishads as a speculative revolt against Vedic materialism & ritualism, as if these hazardous speculations ...
... of Romila Thapar and P.B. Pandit in the same newspaper, March 30, 1969, pp. l-m. Even T. Burrow, on whose researches in Dravidian linguistics the Finnish scholars substantially depend, has made discouraging comments on their procedures and conclusions: see his "Dravidian and the Decipherment of the Indus Script", Antiquity, Vol. XLVIII, 1969, pp. 274-78. Page 50 shown standing... a sign that should make it perfectly evident that these representations are the wheels of a chariot. We get a most enlightening observation from the Finnish scholars who have tried to read Proto-Dravidian in the Indus script but, like everyone else attempting decipherment so far, unsuccessfully, as may be gathered from the penetrating criticisms of B.B. Lai and other savants, who have basically invalidated... 157, Fig. 12, col. 4, 2nd & 3rd Ideograms from below. 14.Piggott, Prehistoric India, p. 275, Fig. 13, 3rd picture. 15.For the enlightening observation see Decipherment of the Proto-Dravidian Inscriptions of the Indus Civilization by Asko Parpola, Seppo Koskenniemi, Simo Parpola, Pentti Aalto, (The Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Special Publication No. 1, Copenhagen, 1969) ...
... Divodasa (Atithigva),286-92, 296, 304, 327, 336, 362, 364 divya jana, 328 donkey, see ass dragon, see ahi Dravidian language/culture, 153-4, 159, 164, 175, 177, 178, 294 Dravidian sun-god, 172 Dravidian Theories, by R.S. Aiyar, 177-8 Dravidians, 153, 158-62, 175, 177-8, 206, 346 Drbhika, 330, 332 Drsadvati, 238, 255 ... The Problem of Aryan Origins, by K.D. Sethna criticism by A.J.C. de Sa, 153-67 reply to the above, 168-78 Proto-Aryan, 206, 266-7 Proto-Australoid, 346 Proto-Dravidian, 215, 223 Proto-Indo-Aryan, 282 Proto-Indo-European, 266, 282 Proto-Indo-Europeans, 263, 276-7 Proto-Iranian, 282 Proto-South Aryans, 208 ...
... "Decline of the Harappāns", 4 Dhuni, 110 Dirghatamas, 108 Diti, 111 Doctrine of Brahman, i Dravidas, Dravidian, Dravidians, ii, 1, 18 30, 43, 44, 45, 50fn., 104, 107, 118, 118, 121 Dravidian cultures, ii Dravidian Theories, 30fn. "Dravidaryan", iv Dravidianism, 51 Dravido-Aryanism, ii Drishadvati, 16, 62,... Chatterji, S.K., 11, 20, 21 Chaucer, 90, 91 Chenab, 126 Childe, Gordon, 33, 54, 73, 74 Chumuri, 110 Cleator, P.E., 49fn., 92 Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages, 30 Copper hoards, 4 Copper pins, 7 Dabar Kot, 60 Daha, Dahai, Dahya, 115, 116 Daitya, 83 Daivavata (Abhyavartin), 126 Dakshina... Protohistory of India and Parkistan, 2fn. Page 148 Prithivi, 39 Prthu-Parśu (Parthians-Persians?), 12 Proto-Aryan, 4, 34, 35 Proto-Dravidian, 50 Proto-Harappān, 101 Przewalski horse, 70, 73 Pumpelly, 69, 71 Punjāb, 14, 15, 16, 17, 61, 62, 85, 118 Pur, purah, iv, 95, 102, 103, 104, 119, 120, 131, 132 ...
... of connected words. And it was through this Dravidian language that I came first to perceive what seems to me now the true law, origins and, as it were, the embryology of the Aryan tongues. I was unable to pursue my examination far enough to establish any definite conclusion, but it certainly seems to me that the original connection between the Dravidian and Aryan tongues was far closer and more extensive... into the origins and nature of the languages of South Asia and Europe that were formerly called the “Aryan” family of languages (now the “Indo-European” languages), and their relationship to the “Dravidian” languages, preceded his work on the Veda. He wrote in The Secret of the Veda (volume 15 of THE COMPLETE WORKS, pages 37 – 39): It was my stay in Southern India [from April 1910] which first... large notebook, the first page of which is inscribed: “Origines Aryacae [Aryan origins]. / Material for a full philological reconstruction / of / the old Aryabhasha / from which the Indo Aryan and Dravidian languages / are all derived.” The term he usually used for this “old Aryabhasha” was “Old Sanscrit”, which he often abbreviated “O.S.” or “OS”. In Part Five, all of Sri Aurobindo’s essays on philology ...
... coherent way by both tradition and modern research. Nothing in our knowledge of those remote times warrants the fallacy of a sharp demarcation between Aryan and Dravidian races, languages, civilizations, even deities (Shiva is Dravidian, Vishnu is Aryan!). Whatever twists and Subhash Kak (Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1994), and The Politics of History by Navaratna S. Rajaram (Delhi, Voice... supposed." This division was "a conjecture supported only by other conjectures ... A myth of the philologists." He forcefully refuted "the artificial and inimical distinction of Aryan and Dravidian which an erroneous philology has driven like a wedge into the homogeneous Indo-Afghan race." Some eighty years later, we know that the 'wedge,' driven now not only by scholars but also by politicians... (in particular by S. R. Rao and Subhash Kak) has shown beyond doubt a strong affinity between the Indus Valley language and Vedic Sanskrit. Finally, were the Harappan civilization indeed pre-Aryan (Dravidian or not), we would have the strange paradox, cogently pointed out by David Frawley, of the Indus Valley inhabitants leaving behind no literature, though they were literate, but a huge physical presence ...
... on a blunder. The sun & star theory of comparative mythology with its extravagant scholastic fancies & lawless inferences carries no conviction to my reason. I find in the Aryan & Dravidian tongues, the Aryan and Dravidian races not separate & unconnected families but two branches of a single stock. The legend of the Aryan invasion & settlement in the Panjab in Vedic times is, to me, a philological... which prefers the evidence of facts to the evidence of nouns & adjectives. The later ethnological theories ignore the conclusions & arguments of the philologists. The old theory of Aryan, Semite, Dravidian & Turanian races has everywhere been challenged and is everywhere breached or rejected. The philologists have indeed established some useful identities and established a few rules of phonetical m ...
... Since then, some of these positions have been severely shaken. European Science has rudely scouted the claims of Comparative Philology to rank as a Science; European Ethnology has dismissed the Aryo-Dravidian theory of the philologist & tends to see in the Indian people a single homogeneous race; it has been trenchantly suggested and plausibly upheld that the Vedas themselves offer no evidence that the... satisfactory explanation has been given of this strange transformation in the soul of a people, and it is not surprising that theories should have been started attributing to Vedanta & Brahmavada a Dravidian origin. Brahmavada was, some have confidently asserted, part of the intellectual property taken over by the Aryan conquerors from the more civilised races they dispossessed. The next step in this... identities of sense, discover the reason of unexpected divergences, trace the deviations which separated Greek & Latin from the Indian dialect, discover & define the connection of all three with the Dravidian forms of speech. Such a system of comparative philology could alone deserve to stand as a science side by side with the physical sciences and claim to speak with authority on the significance of doubtful ...
... ancient Gaul and Teuton. Hence has arisen the theory that these Aryan races were northern barbarians who broke in from their colder climes on the old and rich civilisations of Mediterranean Europe and Dravidian India. But the indications in the Veda on which this theory of a recent Aryan invasion is built, are very scanty in quantity and uncertain in their significance. There is no actual mention of any... ethnological features 2 of the country to prove that this descent took place near to the time of the Vedic hymns or was the slow penetration of a small body of fair-skinned barbarians into a civilised Dravidian peninsula. Page 26 Nor is it a certain conclusion from the data we possess that the early Aryan cultures—supposing the Celt, Teuton, Greek and Indian to represent one common cultural... is certainly applied to the Aryan Gods and the Dasa Powers in the sense of light and darkness, and the word anāsaḥ does not mean noseless. Even if it did, it would be wholly inapplicable to the Dravidian races; for the southern nose can give as good an account of itself as any "Aryan" proboscis in the North. × ...
... divisions of the country indicated by the Vindhya ranges were occupied by people essentially different in blood and temperament.' Surely the important theories which hold the whole Indian race to be Dravidian in blood or, without assigning either an 'Aryan' or 'non-Aryan' origin, believe it to be homogeneous - omitting some islander types on the southern coast and the Mongoloid races of the Himalayas -... of two cults without warlike contacts. Sri Aurobindo's reading of the Rigveda affords no hold in any case to the theory erected on this scripture that Aryan foreigners took over by force a Dravidian North India of fortified cities. And the non-historical nature of these much-discussed purah emerges quite clearly when we look at certain Rigvedic passages. Not that scholars have failed... means both "cows" and "rays"), seems to be revealed, and an occult Darkness that walls-in from inner sight the divine radiances appears to be shattered by the sacred Mantra. Vala, surely, cannot be a Dravidian chief, he must be a supernatural being: it is in the fitness of things that his firm or fortified places, his strongholds, should fall to the impact of a hymn by Brihaspati who is a god and to whom ...
... presents itself as an ingenious means for inventing word-identities. I have disregarded as another error of imperfect inquiry the rigid philological divorce of the Dravidian & Aryan languages. Whether there be a separate Dravidian stock or no, it is to me a certainty that Tamil owes not only many of its most common terms, but whole families of words to the original Aryan speech. Its evidences cannot... relations came in all to be expressed by terms borrowed from one. Nothing more is proved; we have not advanced a single step towards a science of languages. Even the classification of tongues as Aryan, Dravidian, Semitic cannot be called scientific; it is empirical and depends upon identities which may not be fundamental. We must go deeper. European philology has started from word-identities and identities ...
... Agrawal, D.P., in Science (Washington) (28 February 1964). Agrawala, V.S., India as Known to Pānini (University of Lucknow, 1953; 2nd ed. Varanasi, 1963). Aiyar, R. Swaminatha, Dravidian Theories (Madras Law Journal Office, Madras, 1975). Aiyar, T. ParamaŚiva, The Riks (Govt, of Mysore Press, 1911) [reference by Sri Aurobindo]. Albright, W.F., The Archaeology... Haryana Sahitya Akademi Journal of Indological Studies Vol. II, nos. 1-2 (Chandigarh, 1988). Bleeck, A.H., Avesta: the religious books of the Parsees (Hertford, 1964). Burrow, T., "Dravidian and the Decipherment of the Indus Script", in Antiquity, Vol. XLVIII (1969). "On the Significance of the Terms arma - armaka in early Sanskrit literature", in Journal of Indian History... Indus Script", in Frontline (Madras, Feb. 7-20, 1987). Letter to Frontline (May 2-15, 1987). Parpola, Asko; Kiskenniemi, Seppe; Parpola, Simo; Aalto, Pentti: Decipherment of the Proto-Dravidian Inscriptions of the Indus Civilization, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Special Publications Nos. 1 and 2 (Copenhagen, 1969). Peake, H. and Fleure, H.J., Times and Places (Oxford ...
... of existence, creator of the sense-mind. Page 104 We may observe also in passing that the Panis here must perforce be spiritual enemies, powers of darkness, and not Dravidian gods or Dravidian tribes or Dravidian merchants. In the next verse Vamadeva says of the streams of the ghṛtam that they move from the heart-ocean shut up in a hundred prisons (pens) by the enemy so that they are not ...
... second- hand belief in the racial division between Northern Aryans and Southern Dravidians. The distinction had always rested for me on a supposed difference between the physical types of Aryan and Dravidian, and a more definite incompatibility _________________ ³ On the Veda, P. 42-43 Page 162 between the Northern Sanskritic and the Southern non-Sanskritic tongues. ...... I could... belong in southern India without being impressed by the general recurrence of northern or " Aryan" types in the Tamil race......" " But what then of the sharp distinction between Aryan and Dravidian races created by the philologists ? It disappears. " " On examining the vocables of the Tamil language, in appearance so foreign to the Sanskrit form and character, I yet found myself continually... by families of words supposed to be pure Tamil in establishing new relations between Sanskrit and its distant sister, Latin and occasionally, between the Greek and the Sanskrit ....... And this Dravidian language that I came first to perceive what seems to me now the true law, origins and, as it were, the embryology of the Aryan tongues. "4 " It was, therefore, with a double interest that for ...
... of connected words", leading to the further conclusion that "the original connection between the Dravidian and Aryan tongues was far closer and more extensive than is usually supposed". 8 If, then, neither physical characteristics nor linguistic variations offered unmistakable proof of the Aryan-Dravidian racial division of India, was it wise to read too much "history" into the vedic hymns? After all... have been evolved, there remains, behind all variations, a unity of physical as well as of cultural type throughout India". 7 From this it followed that the sharp distinction between 'Aryan' and 'Dravidian' "created by the philologists" simply disappeared. Even as regards the supposed linguistic chasm, Sri Aurobindo found on closer scrutiny that many a Tamil vocable "not only suggested the connection ...
... the Veda is a symbolism of natural phenomena personified in the figure of gods and Rishis and maleficent demons. If Vritra and Vala are Dravidian gods and the Panis and Vritras human enemies, then the Veda is a poetical and legendary account of the invasion of Dravidian India by Nature-worshipping barbarians. If on the other hand this is a symbolism of the struggle between spiritual powers of Light and ...
... 177 basis of democracy, 39 India's, 49, 158 see also Sanatana dharma dictatorship, 214 diplomacy, 37 , 45 divide-and-rule, 17, 18 -19,230 Dominion status (for India), 223-224, 231, 237 Dravidian languages, 97, 98(/11), 108-109 races, 49(11), 96 , 98 , 107 -109, 114, 115 ,116 see also Aryan invasion Duraiswamy Iyer, 237(fn) Durga, 124, 222-223 Dull, Ashwini Kumar, 17 Dull, Rornesh... Vasudeva , 46, 50 , 51, 100(fn), 106 , 125 , 205 , 206, 238, 240 Kshatriya , 20, 29 , 44, 46 , 55 , 120,121 , 167 L Lajpat Rai, Lala, 17 language, 75, 129 see also Aryan language . Dravidian languages. Sanskrit Latin, 109 law, its true function , 45 see al so dharma and Shastra Lenin, 192 literature, 73, 80 love, 14, 91,153 gospel of, 45,46, 144 M machinery , 103 , ...
... often more sceptical. In ethnology the evidence of philology is increasingly disregarded. The ethnologists tend to disregard altogether, for example, the philological distinction between Aryan and Dravidian with its accompanying corollary of an immigration from the sub-Arctic regions or the regions of the Hindu-Kush and to affirm the existence of a single homogeneous Indo-Afghan race in immemorial occupation... we can arrive at least at the beginnings of a true science which will explain in its principles & details the origin, structure and development first of the Sanscrit, and then of the other Aryan & Dravidian tongues, if not of human speech generally in its various families. The scholars erred because they took the identity "pitar, pater, vater, father" as the master-clue to the identities of these languages ...
... a primitive Dravidian population. After the highly developed Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappa Culture, was discovered, the assumed in-coming Aryan were thought to have destroyed it around 1500 B.C. and, though the script of this Civlization has not yet been acceptably read, the general tendency is to consider it as couching an old form of the Dravidian language Tamil ...
... not abolishing that division. For there had grown up out of the original elements a natural system of sub-nations with different languages, literatures and other traditions of their own, the four Dravidian peoples, Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Sind, Assam, Orissa, Nepal, the Hindi-speaking peoples of the North, Rajputana and Bihar. British rule with its provincial administration did not unite... its very nature, the Many in the One, would place her on the sure foundation of her Swabhava and Swadharma. This development might well be regarded as the inevitable trend of her future. For the Dravidian regional peoples are demanding their separate right to a self-governing existence; Maharashtra expects a similar concession and this would mean a similar development in Gujarat and then the British-made ...
... pieces found by them from many excavation sites spread over Egypt and other Mediterranean countries and dating from the beginning of the Christian era. There were many powerful dynasties in the Dravidian land, whose reign spanned centuries. The Cholas ruled from 400 B.C. to A.D. 1400. During the reign of Rajendra (1012-44), the Cholas with their formidable naval flotilla extended their empire over... came: -Subramaniam Bharati (1882-1921),the great Tamil poet, whose mind was familiar with eternal things, who was capable of cosmic vision. He lit a fire of love for the Motherland in the Dravidian heart. -Sir C. V. Raman (1888-1970) was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1930. His discovery is known as the Raman effect: the appearance of additional lines in the spectrum of light ...
... Evening Talks with Sri Aurobindo JANUARY, 1940 4th January, 1940 Disciple : I had a talk with G about Rigveda and on the Aryan-Dravidian question. He gave me one or two arguments to support his contention. According to him the fact of different children in the same family having different colours is a positive argument that race of the parents... tried to trace the origin in the Rigveda.I contradicted his view even then and showed that "Shishna-deva" only means sensualists. Sri Aurobindo : Quite so. And what have they to say about the Dravidian tribe in Baluchistan? Is it black and flat-nosed? How on earth do they find out these things from the Rigveda – nomadic existence, gambling, and crossings of the rivers, which to me is mystical. I ...
... Central nations which produced Draupadie, Bhema, Urjouna, Bhishma, Vyasa and Srikrishna; neither were they quite akin to the searchingly logical, philosophic & scholastic temperament of the half Dravidian southern nations which produced the great grammarians and commentators and the mightiest of the purely logical philosophers, Madhva, Ramanuja, Shankaracharya. The Malavas were Westerners and the Western... That position Ujjaini enjoyed until the nation began to crumble under the shock of new ideas & new forces and the centre of gravity shifted southwards to Devagirrie of the Jadhavas and finally to Dravidian Vijayanagara, the last considerable seat of independent Hindu culture & national greatness. The consolidation of Page 154 the Malavas under Vikramaditya took place in 56 BC, and from that ...
... European idea of an evolving knowledge in humanity, - and it is on that basis that my argument proceeded, - we must find the source of the Brahmavada either in an extraneous origin such as a previous Dravidian culture, - a theory which I cannot admit, since I regard the so-called Aryans and Dravidians as one homogeneous race, - or in a previous development, of which the records have either been lost or... presence of Dravido-Aryanism or Aryo-Dravidianism prac-tically native to our subcontinent and perhaps even having a lost common linguistic background in antiquity, instead of an Aryan invasion of a Dravidian country in not too distant an epoch; and (3) a remote past to this racially undivided though multi-featured phenomenon of spirituality in ancient India itself, whose final source cannot be satisfactorily ...
... derivations of Sanskrit and Hindi is a kind of lingua franca, and the southern part, where the four main languages are Dravidian sister languages. Tamil, the language spoken in Pondicherry as well as in neighbouring Tamil Nadu (formerly the State of Madras), is one of these Dravidian languages. (At present, Tamil is spoken by more people in the world than those who speak French.) As most of the Ashram ...
... Origins 5 became necessary because in 1987 there was a recrudescence from within India and from Finland of the pernicious Aryan invasion theory which is at the root of the north-south, Aryan-Dravidian divide that raises its ugly head time and again in India. The most important examination in this new edition relates to the question of the presence of the horse and the spoked wheel... Indic and not Indo-Iranian or Old Indo-Aryan as supposed initially. Sethna's eagle eye spots the inner contradiction in Parpola's hypothesis. Parpola feels that the Harappans spoke proto-Dravidian and not Indo-European because the horse is absent from the seats and figurines. Yet, he characterises the chalcolithic cultures of the Banas Valley and Maiawa (Navdatoli) as Aryan although there ...
... not abolishing that division. For there had grown up out of the original elements a natural system of sub-nations with different languages, literatures and other traditions of their own, the four Dravidian peoples, Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Sind, Assam, Orissa, Nepal, the Hindi-speaking peoples of the North, Rajputana and Behar. British rule with its provincial administration did not unite... its very nature, the Many in the One, would place her on the sure foundation of her Swabhava and Swadharma. This development might well be regarded as the inevitable trend of her future. For the Dravidian regional peoples are demanding their separate right to a self-governing existence; Maharashtra expects a similar concession and this would mean a similar development in Gujarat and then the British-made ...
... not abolishing that division. For there had grown up out of the original elements a natural system of sub-nations with different languages, literatures and other traditions of their own, the four Dravidian peoples, Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Sind, Assam, Orissa, Nepal, the Hindi-speaking peoples of the North, Rajputana and Bihar. British rule with its provincial administration did not unite... in the One, would place her on the sure foundation of her Swabhava and Swadharma. This development might well be regarded as the inevitable trend of her future. For the Dravidian regional peoples are demanding their separate right to a self-governing existence; Maharashtra expects a similar concession and this would mean a similar development in Gujarat and then the British-made ...
... labels which in the series of eight are totally lost may have named Krishna. No Kumāra other than Hakusiri is in sight. It is a sheer guess that, as Sircar 4 puts it, "Hakusiri" is "probably a Dravidian corruption of Sanskrit Śaktiśri". As our survey of the development of Bhāgavatism shows inscriptionally that this cult was in an immature state during the whole Sātavāhana epoch, we would be no... non-Aryan asura chieftain of the Jamnā region who led a 'godless legion' of ten thousand followers and committed great havoc until he was defeated and skinned by Indra. One Krishna was also a Dravidian god of youth. A Vedic passage speaks of a leader of fifty thousand Krishnas, who was captured and slain together with all his pregnant wives so that he might leave no issue. There is evidence to suggest ...
... to ancient tradition, the Rishi Agastya came to the South to spread the Vedic lore and the Aryan discipline. His seems to have been the first project for the infusion of Aryan culture into the Dravidian civilisation." * "I have said that this cemetery that was Pondicherry had been infested by ghouls and goblins. These had a special Page 366 category known ordinarily as... ly in the good old days of the Roman Empire and - who knows? - even before that. Let us hope some day a more authentic light will be shed on the history of the Aryan, the Indus-Valley and the Dravidian cultures. And at no distant date the whole world will turn to Pondicherry again not only for culture and education and commerce and industry but for the Light of the New Dawn. Page 371 ...
... it expresses with so clear a force rose up somehow in the later Aryan mind or was borrowed by those ignorant fire-worshippers, sun-worshippers, sky-worshippers from their cultured and philosophic Dravidian enemies. But throughout the Veda we have confirmatory hymns and expressions: Agni or Indra or another is expressly hymned as one with all the other gods. Agni contains all other divine powers within ...
... vipraṁ padam aṅgiraso dadhānā, yajñasya dhāma prathamaṁ mananta (X.67.2). Page 185 It is impossible that such expressions should convey nothing more than the recovery of stolen cows from Dravidian cave dwellers by some Aryan seers led by a god and his dog or else the return of the Dawn after the darkness of the night. The wonders of the Arctic dawn themselves are insufficient to explain the ...
... such a hymn if she is not a power of the Truth, if her cows are not the rays of a divine dawn of illumination? What have the cows of old warring tribes and the sanguinary squabbles of our Aryan and Dravidian ancestors over their mutual plunderings and cattle liftings to do with this luminous apocalypse of the immortality and the godhead? Or what are these rivers that think and know the Truth and discover ...
... circumstances of the Angiras legend and the action of the Fathers, which are such an incongruous patchwork in the ritualistic or naturalistic and so hopelessly impossible in the historical or Arya-Dravidian interpretation of the hymns, become on the contrary perfectly clear and connected and each throws light on the other. We understand each hymn in its entirety and in relation to other hymns; each isolated ...
... because the Sun with its rays gives him spies whom he sets all round and in the brightness of those rays the Panis are discovered. This can be no description of an earthly battle between Aryan and Dravidian tribes; neither can the lightning be the physical lightning since that has nothing to do with the destruction of the powers of Night and the milking of the cows of the Dawn out of the darkness. It ...
... into the story of the Angirases, Indra and Sarama, the cave of the Panis and the conquest of the Dawn, the Sun and the Cows an account of a political and military struggle between Aryan invaders and Dravidian cave dwellers. It is a struggle between the seekers of Light and the powers of Darkness; the cows are the illuminations of the Sun and the Dawn, they cannot be physical cows; the wide fearfree field ...
... Hinduism took them to mean. The latter knowledge may be gathered from the commentaries of Shankaracharya and other philosophers which may be studied in the original or in the translations which the Dravidian Presidency, ignorantly called benighted by the materialists, has been issuing with a truly noble learning & high-minded enterprise. The former this book makes some attempt to convey. But it may ...
... loosely massed conjectures. We shall question many established philological myths,—the legend, for instance, of an Aryan invasion of India from the north, the artificial & unreal distinction of Aryan & Dravidian which an erroneous philology has driven like a wedge into the unity of the homogeneous Indo-Afghan race; the strange dogma of a “henotheistic” Vedic naturalism; the ingenious & brilliant extravagances ...
... finally, "No, but I, Vivekananda, say it," he pronounced the decree of liberation not only for himself but for Page 336 all of us from the yoke, the golden but heavy yoke, of the mighty Dravidian. For this was Vivekananda's mission to smite away all obstacles, however great & venerable, & open the path to the resurgence of Indian originality & the direct confrontation of the soul of man with ...
... India, its society, institutions, customs, a civilisation-picture of the times. They invented the theory based on the difference of languages of an Aryan invasion from the north, an invasion of a Dravidian India of which the Indians themselves had no memory or tradition and of which there is no record in their epic or classical literature. The Vedic religion was in this account only a worship of Nature-Gods ...
... scholars who look on the Rishis as mostly a crew of semi-barbaric Aryan priests deifying natural objects like the sun, moon, sky, water, fire and invoking them for physical benefits and for victory over Dravidian aborigines who are said to be "noseless", anas, which is taken to be an exaggeration for "flat- Page 378 nosed". Sri Aurobindo understands the epithet as an-as, meaning "without ...
... Mughals, the Portuguese, the Persians, the Dutch, the French, and the British. The scenario had been given a finishing touch by converting the authors of India's earliest civilization into Dravidian and Aryan invaders. In the process, India had been converted into an empty space with no society or culture of its own. It was obvious that this version of India's history was only a mix ...
... languages: Gujarati, the local language in Baroda; Marathi, spoken in the Bombay Presidency; Hindi, a direct offspring of Sanskrit and then, as now, the main language of India except for the deep Dravidian South. He also learned Bengali, which should have been his mother tongue, as he began needing it for his political activities; before long, he would be able to write articles and deliver speeches ...
... part of a compound word by what R.C. Majumdar 3 writes by way of annotating the geographer Ptolemy's expression (VII.1,8) "Pseudostomos" for an Indian river: " 'Pseudostomos' means false mouth. The Dravidian literature has alemukham (Sanskrit Alikamukham)." Combined with "sudara" (="sundara"), it may point in a semi-Sanskrit semi-Prākrit way to some such concept as "Beauty that deludes and is a snare" ...
... origins has not only a bearing on the remote past. It has also a relevance to the immediate present. Ever since Western historians pronounced, and the historians of our country concurred, that a Dravidian India had been invaded by the Aryans of the Rigveda in the second millennium B.C., there has been a ferment of antagonism, time and again, between the North and the South. The Northerners, figuring ...
... There he says that, although nothing denotes any Aryan entry into India "near to the time of the Vedic hymns" or "the slow penetration of a small body of fair-skinned barbarians into a civilised Dravidian peninsula", it is always possible to think of a far distant forgotten age and of "the bulk of the peoples now inhabiting India" being "the descendants of a new race from more northern latitudes, even ...
... origins has not only a bearing on the remote past. It has also a relevance to the immediate present. Ever since Western historians pronounced, and the historians of our country concurred, that a Dravidian India had been invaded by the Aryans of the Rigveda in the second millennium B.C., there has been a ferment of antagonism, time and again, between the North and the South. The Northerners ...
... was an original autochthonous people, the early humanity out of the stone age, usually called protoDravidians, whose remnants are still found among the older and cruder aboriginal tribes. Then the Dravidian infusion which culminated in the humanity, the Indian humanity, of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Next the Aryan avatar. One usually begins Indian history with the Dravido-Aryan civilisation which is taken ...
... 38,46ff, 63,66 Sea at Night, The, 176 Secret of the Veda, The, 404ff; unity of physical & cultural life throughout India, 450; no racial or linguistic chasm between 'Aryan' and 'Dravidian', 450-51; little 'history' in the Vedic hymns, 450-51; Veda, a treasure-house of spiritual culture, 451; Brahmanas and Upanishads, Karma and Jnana, 451; Sayana's ritualistic interpretation, 451-52;Westem ...
... commune, twenty kilometres south of Pondicherry, a Sanskrit College was functioning in the seventh century AD during the reign of the Pallavas, who also built a Shiva temple at the same time. These Dravidian kings were great builders. When the Cholas gained power in the eleventh century, apart from building other temples, they also took care to renovate the old Shiva temple. One of the best known of even ...
... such words even when not accounted for by Sanscrit itself, may very easily be borrowed from the aboriginal languages. Bengali for instance preserves the form suḍanga where the cerebral letter is Dravidian. But if so, if this word came into fashion along with Greek culture, and became the word for a tunnel, what could be more natural than that the reciter should substitute for an old and now disused ...
... which was conquered by Aryan savages and this accounts for their "Aryan" languages. It is the same theory that now prevails in a different form with regard to the Aryan conquest of a highly civilised Dravidian India. Philology can bring no sufficient argument to contradict it. Mr. Ranade deprecates the scorn of the linguistically ignorant for philology, but we must not forget that in Europe it is not ...
... divisions of the country indicated by the Vindhya ranges were occupied by people essentially different in blood and temperament." Surely the important theories which hold the whole Indian race to be Dravidian in blood or, without assigning either an "Aryan" or "non-Aryan" origin, believe it to be homogeneous—omitting some islander types on the southern coast and the Mongoloid races of the Himalaya,—cannot ...
... illuminations." Lacking the clue, we wander into ingenuities about the Dawn and the Sun or even imagine in Sarama, the hound of heaven, a mythological personification of some prehistoric embassy to Dravidian nations for the recovery of plundered cattle! And the whole of the Veda is conceived in such images. The resultant obscurity and confusion for our intelligence is appalling and it will be at once ...
... other, as a master of the Sruti & not its servant. He has sought to include it among his grandiose intellectual conquests. But the Sruti cannot be mastered by the intellect, and although the great Dravidian Page 365 has enslaved men's thoughts about the Sruti to his victorious intellectual polemic, the Sruti itself still preserves its inalienable freedom, rising into its secret heights of ...
... necessary for a complete estimate to take into account as well the Buddhistic literature in Pali and the poetic literatures, here opulent, there more scanty in production, of about a dozen Sanskritic and Dravidian tongues. The whole has almost a continental effect and does not fall so far short in the quantity of its really lasting things and equals in its things of best excellence the work of ancient and mediaeval ...
... relation of the two? Can we regard the Harappā Culture as linked to the Rigveda and as a natural phenomenon following in its wake, a civilization which, for all the Irānian, Sumerian and so-called Dravidian ingredients seen in it, would be basically Aryan?" Page 36 ...
... consciousness. This vanishing is significant enough: issues that once struck me as vital to the world's intellectual vision receded into a dim distance. Thus the historical question'of whether a Dravidian India was invaded by Aryan foreigners in a less civilised state in c. 1500 B.C., had loomed large to me at one time and drawn a voluminous treatment. Now I did not care a rap for it. The inner ...
... Rigveda with true insight to mistake the nature of its "fortified cities". The strongholds of the enemies are often referred to as those of Vala whom modern scholars would be inclined to take for a Dravidian chief. Thus we find the verses in Sri Aurobindo's translation: 22 "O lord of the thunderbolt [Indra], thou didst uncover the hole of Vala of the cows [valasya gomatah]" (I.11.5). "So ...
... moon, stars, dawn, wind, rain, fire, sky, rivers and other deities of Nature, the propitiation of these gods by sacrifice, the winning and holding of wealth in this life, chiefly from human and Dravidian enemies and against hostile demons and mortal plunderers, and after death man's attainment to the Paradise of the gods. We now find, that however valid these ideas may have been for the vulgar, they ...
... origins and structure of the ancient Sanskrit tongue; and so far did this clue lead that I lost sight entirely of my original subject of interest, the Page 49 connections between Aryan and Dravidian speech, and plunged into the far more interesting research of the origins and laws of development of human language itself. It seems to me that this great inquiry and not the ordinary preoccupations ...
... European idea of an evolving knowledge in humanity,—and it is on that basis that my argument proceeded—we must find the source of the Brahmavada either in an extraneous origin such as a previous Dravidian culture—a theory which I cannot admit, since I regard the so-called Aryans and Dravidians as one homogeneous race—or in a previous development, of which the records have either been lost or are to ...
... scholarship of Europe has built up by a system of ingenious guesses and deductions a new version and evolved the history, true or imaginative, of an Aryan invasion and a struggle between Aryan and Dravidian which was never before suspected in the long history of Vedic interpretation. The same charge has been brought against Swami Dayananda's commentary. Nevertheless, the universality of the method does ...
... l results with the verities of experience; he is apt to be more anxious that his conclusions should be logical than that they should be in experience true. Much of the argumentation of the great Dravidian thinkers, though perfect in itself, seems to be vitiated by this tendency to argue about words rather than about the realities which alone give any value to words. On the other hand scientists as ...
... "concede the scriptural origin of the Veda"? The fact is that these Upanishads, which condemn the form popularly taken by Vedism and which are said to have borrowed their spirituality from "Dravidian" sources, profess again and again to bring out the truth of the Riks, the Mantras, the Verses of the Vedic Rishis. As M.P. Pandit 8 reminds us, "They quite often quote the Riks as seals of approval ...
... Deccan plateau did not at all form part of the Asiatic continent, but had drifted and dashed into it: in fact the Himalayas are the result of this mighty impact. The usual division of an Aryan and a Dravidian race may be due to a memory of the clash of the two continents and their races. However, coming to historical times, we see wave after wave of the most heterogeneous and disparate elements – ...
... Deccan plateau did not at all form part of the Asiatic continent, but had drifted and dashed into it: in fact the Himalayas are the result of this mighty impact. The usual division of an Aryan and a Dravidian race may be due to a memory of the clash of the two continents and their races. However, coming to historical times, we see wave after wave of the most heterogeneous and disparate elements—Sakas ...
... is the race that migrated there? In the Bengalis the blood of the Aryans and the Dravidians has perfectly blended. We do not actually know how much the Page 205 Aryan and the Dravidian blood has influenced the Bengali race. But we definitely know that the Bengali race is not totally pure or unalloyed. It is a mixture of many races. But here in the diversity of many races we are ...
... According to ancient tradition, the Rishi Agastya came to the South to spread the Vedic lore and the Aryan discipline. His seems to have been the first project for the infusion of Aryan culture into the Dravidian civilisation. Many of you may here recall the lines of Hemchandra the Bengali poet: Page 405 Arise, O Mountain, arise, Agastya has returned; A new sign has been floated, ...
... to ancient tradition, the Rishi Agastya came to the South to spread the Vedic lore and the Aryan discipline. His seems to have been the first project for the infusion of Aryan culture into the Dravidian civilization. Many of you may here recall the lines of Hemchandra the Bengali poet: Arise, O Mountain, arise, Agastya has returned; A new sign has been floated, There's a racing flood ...
... Moreover, "Sometimes the Tamil vocable not Page 368 only suggested the connection, but proved the missing link in a family of connected words. And," he avowed, "it was through this Dravidian language that I came first to perceive what seems to me now the true law, origins and, as it were, the embryology of the Aryan tongues." That perception was the key to the discovery of the real c ...
... that literature based on inspiration has become so rich, eloquent and intense. Western scholars say that the Aryans were mostly intellectual, principally guided by reason; it is the non-Aryans, the Dravidians, who have introduced the element of emotion into Indian culture. The Aryans generally followed the path of knowledge and the South Indians were predominantly devotional. Perhaps there is some truth... inspiration that dominates the field of action, the art and religion of Bengal. Scholars hold that the Bengalees are three-fourths Buddhists in their culture and education and as a race they are Dravidians to the same degree. No wonder that by the union of these two currents Bengal has become the holy confluence of inspiration like Prayag, the place of pilgrimage, where the Ganga and the Jamuna have ...
... myth and crude astronomical allegories yet in the making. Only in the later hymns do we perceive the first appearance of deeper psychological and moral ideas—borrowed, some think, from the hostile Dravidians, the "robbers" and "Veda-haters" freely cursed in the hymns themselves,—and, however acquired, the first seed of the later Vedantic speculations. This modern theory is in accord with the received... itself, and these in the ordinary theories are lacking. The hypothesis, invented to fill the gap, that these ideas were borrowed Page 5 by barbarous Aryan invaders from the civilised Dravidians, is a conjecture supported only by other conjectures. It is indeed coming to be doubted whether the whole story of an Aryan invasion through the Punjab is not a myth of the philologists. Now, ...
... be sukara. SRI AUROBINDO: It is your Pali teacher's explanation. It may be Gujarati also; sukara meaning "what are you doing"? (Laughter) After this, some discussion followed about Aryans, Dravidians and Tamilians. SRI AUROBINDO: Most of the Tamilians have a straight nose, very few have a flat nose. EVENING SRI AUROBINDO (leading the talk) : I have finished Nishikanto's book. I don't ...
... "heresy" that the Rigvedics preceded the Harappā Culture is too difficult to entertain. As difficult also appears the contention that there are not two prominent races in India - the Aryans and the Dravidians - but only one internally diversified race which we may call "Dravidaryan" and whose original common tongue developed into Sanskrit and Tamil, a pair of languages disclosing on a penetrating scrutiny ...
... don't know how these people can give a realistic meaning to them. Instead of taking the verses in their obvious mystic significance, they create all sorts of meanings—rita is water, fighting between Dravidians and Aryans, etc. NIRODBARAN: I asked Nolini yesterday what people like Tagore mean by saying that only Nishikanto has an easy mastery over the language while others have not. He says that he means ...
... name by which they must have known themselves - otherwise approximated by Sumerian "Meluhha" - it came later to be applied to all who talk in a strange or non-Aryan way, such as tribal peoples and Dravidians. The example of Mlechchha utterance cited by the Brahmana, however, indicates clearly that it is alluding to a mode of speech that was not non-Aryan at all but simply "corrupt" in relation to Sanskrit ...
... to the rains of heaven, the rivers of Northern India possessed or assailed by the Dravidians—the Vritras being sometimes the Dravidians and sometimes their gods, the herds possessed or robbed from the Aryan settlers by the indigenous "robbers",—the Panis who hold or steal the herds being again sometimes the Dravidians and sometimes their gods; or is there a deeper, a spiritual meaning? Is the winning ...
... such a situation, we may legitimately search for Aryan elements in the Harappā Culture and hope to crack the code of the Indus script with an approach different from Parpola's and Mahadevan's pro-Dravidianism. Page 184 ...
... is established, the material explanation of the Vedic prayer for "cows" is at once shaken; for if the lost cows for whose restoration the Rishis invoke Indra, are not physical herds stolen by the Dravidians but the shining herds of the Sun, of the Light, then we are justified in considering whether the same figure does not apply when there is the simple prayer for "cows" without any reference to any ...
... in the Veda these gods have a quite minor position and are inferior to Indra and Agni. It has even become a current opinion among many scholars that Shiva was a later conception borrowed from the Dravidians and represents a partial conquest of the Vedic religion by the indigenous culture it had invaded. These errors arise inevitably as part of the total misunderstanding of Vedic thought for which the ...
... partners of heaven with Indra and Agni and Surya — the pleasure of all kinds of wealth including a strange kind which was hidden within wonderful oceans and rivers — the pleasure of smiting dusky Dravidians whom they dubbed Dasyus and Dasas ("ene-mies" and "slaves") and even sometimes described as quite nose-less! This view of the ancient Rishis has satisfied Indians and, much more, Europeans who have ...
... clause of a sentence and another and that the Rishis are hopping about with minds happily liberated from the bonds of sense and reason from the Cows to the Sun and from the darkness to the cave of the Dravidians, we have in answer the absolute identification in I.33.10, "Indra the Bull made the thunderbolt his ally" or perhaps "made it applied ( yujam ), he by the Light milked the rays (cows) out of the ...
... 'heresy' that the Rigvedics preceded the Harappa Culture is too difficult to entertain. As difficult also appears the contention that there are not two prominent races in India -the Aryans and the Dravidians - but only one internally diversified race which we may call 'Dravidaryan' and whose original common language developed into Sanskrit and Tamil, a pair of languages disclosing on a penetrating scrutiny ...
... on mankind the closeness of God to us and embraces in its compass ________________ * Sri Aurobindo never subscribed to the absurd division between Aryans and Dravidians: "I regard the so-called Aryans and Dravidians as one homogeneous race," he wrote later in The Secret of the Veda. This point will be developed in further passages. Page 49 all the possible ...
... for cows yielding abundant milk and horses possessing dynamic strength and energy. They used to fight among themselves — one clan against another — and specially against the robbers who were the Dravidians of ancient; India, while they were the Aryans who had come from abroad. Hence they needed arms and weapons and they naturally wanted to defeat the enemy. And that is why they sought the help of the ...
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