Jinnah : Mohammad Ali (1876-1948) In 1892, like C.R. Das & other Indian students Jinnah too was elated at the election of Naoroji on a Liberal ticket. He heard his maiden speech from the balcony of the House of Commons, decided to take up politics & joined Lincoln’s Inn. Called to the Bar in 1895, he returned to India, enrolled as advocate of Bombay High Court, & was appointed Presidency Magistrate in 1900. In 1906, Naoroji appointed him his Personal Secretary, in which capacity he attended the landmark Congress session at Calcutta where Lal-Bal-Pal’s Nationalist Party set the goal of Swaraj before the country. He was part of the Central Committee of the Congress that met at Pherozshah’s house in Bombay & decided to shift the venue for the 1907 Congress from Nagpur to Surat. In 1909, he was elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly, & in 1910 elected from a Mohammedan constituency in Bombay Presidency (under Morley-Minto’s Constitutional Reforms Act of 1909) to Viceroy’s Central Legislative Council. There he met his second mentor, G.K. Gokhale; they conferred with Dadabhai, Viṭhalbhai Patel, Sassoon David, & Mazhar-ul-Haq “the desirability of organisation & division of work in the Council” among themselves. Besides Jinnah, Nawab Syed Mohammad Bahadur from Madras, Bhupendra Nath Basu from Bengal, R.N. Mudholkar from Berar, & Sachchidananda Sinha & M.M. Malaviya from U.P., shared Gokhale’s political outlook. Jinnah remained a member of that the Viceroy’s Council up to 1919. [B.R. Nanda, Gokhale: The Indian Moderates & the British Raj, OUP, Delhi, 1979:283, 358, 378; Encyclopaedia Columbia, 1952, p.1011] ― In 1913 Jinnah joined the Muslim League & managed get it & INC together on the issue of post-War representative reforms, one result of which was the Congress at its 1913 Session at Karachi passed a resolution on the reform of the Council of the Secretary of State for India, & decided to send a deputation to England, with Jinnah as its spokesman. He urged that one-third of the members of the Indian Council should be elected members of the Indian legislatures. He was elected President of the Muslim League in 1916 & 1920, but remained a member of the Congress until 1930. In 1916, he sponsored the Congress-League scheme of constitutional reforms, a part of which is known as the Lucknow Pact (q.v.). Before the end of World War I, Jinnah was the most prominent young leader of both major political organisations in British India, enjoying the ear of the viceroy & his ICS cabinet on their own council as well. The aftermath of World War I brought only the repressive sword of the Rowlatt Black Acts, extending wartime martial laws during peacetime. Jinnah was the first member of the Viceroy’s Council to resign, protesting against “uprooting of fundamental principles of justice” by Government “over fretful & incompetent bureaucracy”. ― On 10th Aug.1920, the Gujarat Political Conference at Ahmedabad, under Abbas Tayābji passed a resolution supporting Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement making the Khilafat problem its main plank. At the 7th September, meeting of the Muslim League Jinnah was forced to concede non-cooperation but clarified that he did not support Gandhi’s policy. Not convinced that the non-cooperation agitation launched by Gandhi on 1st August was on the right answer, Lajpat Rai & Jinnah joined C.R. Das & the Tilakites to oppose Gandhi’s attempt to get endorsement for his agitation. Das & Pal proposed that a mission be sent of England to get an authoritative statement of British policy & meanwhile the elections should be fought & not boycotted. But Gandhi, already supported by the Muslim League & the delegates from the South, added Motilal’s support by claiming that if the majority joined his movement Swaraj would come within a year. He won his case. ― The December 1920 Nagpur session (over which Tilak’s party wanted Sri Aurobindo to preside) also turned its back on constitutional methods of agitation & handed over the reins of the freedom struggle to Gandhi. The President of the session, Mr Vijayarāghavāchārya, known as the Grand Old Man of the Congress, pleaded in vain for a conciliatory gesture to strengthen Montagu’s hands. Even C.R. Das changed his stand & gave full support to the non-cooperation movement. The only one who had the courage to oppose Gandhi was Jinnah: “With great respect for Gandhi & those who think with him,” he declared, “I make bold to say in this Assembly that you will never get your independence without bloodshed.” Jinnah refused to have anything to do with Gandhi’s pseudo-religious approach to politics. He particularly deplored the Khilafat agitation (q.v.), & left the Congress. ─ In 1925, Jinnah had declared in the Legislative Assembly, “I am a nationalist first, a nationalist second & a nationalist last” & also written in a London paper that the Congress was not a Hindu body. In 1928 he joined the Anti-Simon agitation, though it split the League, nor did he cooperate with the Muslim delegates at the RTC in London (1930-33). [Wolport’s Jinnah; S. Bhattacharya; Durga Das’ India – From Curzon to Nehru & After, Collins, London, 1969]
... Ali Jinnah. Jinnah made new demands and put them forward in the form of amendments, which were not passed. Jinnah then left the convention in protest and joined the Muslim leaders who did not see eye-to-eye with the Congress. On Jan 1, 1929, an All India Muslim Conference was held where he issued a manifesto of Muslim claims. This formed the basis of his fourteen demands later. Jinnah began... Muslims. Jinnah and Ansari soon drifted apart and within a short time, the Muslim League became the sole representative of the Muslims. The Congress claim that it represented the whole nation, including the Muslims, suffered a serious setback. From this time onwards, Jinnah stressed the need of maintaining the unity and solidarity of the Muslims as a separate social and political unity. Jinnah warned... A Vision of United India Chapter 7 The return of Jinnah to Indian politics A very important event that took place in 1928 was the return of Jinnah from England. When he rejoined Indian politics he was a totally different man and this time he pursued a radically new policy with regard to the Muslims of India. It was at that time that the Indian leaders ...
... under a moral obligation to Jinnah and the Muslim League to satisfy their demands, for after all they had come to their help in a time of distress. One would not be wrong to say that this one step of the Congress led to the formation of Pakistan. For Jinnah, there was no looking back after that. Direct Action One of the first steps that Jinnah took after this was to force... as 'Pakistan Resolution' was presided over by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The resolution was moved by Mr. Fazlul Haq, the chief minister of Bengal, and seconded by Chaudhry Khaliq uzzaman. On Mar. 23, 1940, Muslim League held its Annual session at Lahore under the Presidentship of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Quaid-e-Azam in his Presidential address made a detailed survey of... finally, by the respective Regions of all powers and such other matters as may be necessary". Let us now see what the attitude of the Congress and, in particular of Gandhi, was to Jinnah. Gandhi said that if Jinnah wanted a separate state, it must be given. Otherwise, there would be civil war. Here again is what Sri Aurobindo had to say on this issue in May 1940: Page 50 ...
... danger of civil war. He also agreed and wanted to solve it____ Instead of doing what was necessary the Congress is trying to flirt with Jinnah, and Jinnah simply thinks that he has to obstinately stick to his terms to get them. The more they try, the more Jinnah becomes intransigent. January 3, 1940 (A disciple:) X who is an I.C.S. is said to be brilliant. Then why did he... there unity in India before the British rule ? But now since our national consciousness is more developed there is more chance of unity if the British don't bolster up Jinnah and his Muslim claims. Does Jinnah want unity ?... What he wants is independence for Muslims and if possible rule over India. That is the old spirit.... But why is it expected that Muslims will be so accommodating ...
... Jalal's assertion that the revered founding father of Pakistan, the slender, eloquent Mohammed Ali Jinnah, had feet of clay. She argues that the 1947 partition of India -- the event that opened the door for the creation of Pakistan -- was an accident, a colossal miscalculation. What's more, she says that Jinnah never wanted a separate Muslim state; he was only using the threat of independence as a political... further than Jinnah's reaction to the partition. "The state-sponsored nationalist attitude seems to suggest that what Jinnah had dismissed as a mutilated, moth-eaten Pakistan is what they were actually fighting for," the 42-year-old scholar explained in a recent interview, adding that Jinnah twice rejected what turned out to be the final model for Pakistan. This is heresy to most Pakistanis, for... acquisition of ever-fresh need for weapons. By end 1946 Britain had already decided that Jammu and Kashmir would be the source and cause of clash". We have seen in the first part of the book that Jinnah looked upon the Muslim community as a distinct and separate community. That was the justification he gave to create Pakistan. This feeling was echoed by the proposal made by Mohammed Iqbal. At the ...
... people should retire after sixty. Jinnah is more than sixty now. NIRODBARAN: Congress should combine with these Momins and try to come to some agreement with them. SATYENDRA: It can't do that now, because Congress is too moral. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, it is too moral. PURANI: Kher has asked Jinnah to specify his charges against Congress. SRI AUROBINDO: Jinnah won't do that; he will only make... favourable. Politically the best thing to do is to combine the Nationalist Muslims—not only those belonging to Congress—and then try to carry the Muslim mass with them. That is the only way to check Jinnah. Even in the Muslim League there are some dissatisfied elements. NIRODBARAN (after some time) : In yesterday's paper Russia was said to be designing an attack on India. Is there any truth in it... France can't directly help Finland. SRI AUROBINDO: No, she can't, unless Sweden joins in and Norway too. Then not only France but also England can help effectively. NIRODBARAN: I wonder what Jinnah and his Indian Muslim will do when Russia attacks Mohammedan Asia. SRI AUROBINDO: He will hold meetings and shout or he will blame Congress for it. PURANI: He will blame Nehru perhaps because ...
... August 1947 itself. However, the public opinion in Jammu and Kashmir at that time was not in favour of joining Pakistan. The inner story On Aug. 24, August 1947, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, weakened by the prolonged pre-partition negotiations, ceremonies to mark the birth of Pakistan and by his lung disease (unknown to the British and Indian political hierarchy) had expressed his desire... into saying what it wanted them to say and pass it off as 'popular people's mandate'. Pakistan employed the strategy of accepting and consolidating what they got, and asking for more and more, just as Jinnah had done previously. The instrument of accession of Jammu and Kashmir accepted by the Government of India was the very same as for all other princely states. The accession was thus complete... Kashmir: how could the very same people against whom Pakistan committed atrocities actually want to join it? Philip Talbot wrote in 'World Politics, No 3, April 1949, of 'the tenacious resistance against Jinnah and Pakistan by Kashmir's largest political party, the Kashmir National Conference, which was Muslim led (by Sheikh Abdullah) and largely Muslim supported.' Pakistan's strategy was, therefore, to avoid ...
... have been some settlement. SATYENDRA: The Muslim League has also refused. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. Jinnah wants to know what the League's status will be in case some other party comes in later. He means Congress! It is like the Berlin-Japan pact—by some other power they mean the U.S.A. SATYENDRA: Jinnah has realised that the Viceroy doesn't want to part with power. SRI AUROBINDO (laughing): To... do so, if they want—people like Bose. How can any government allow that? PURANI: The Jinnah-Viceroy correspondence is out. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, it is full of impossible demands. The Viceroy has answered to them, "Yes, I note them. We will consider them". All the time he must be thinking what a fool Jinnah is that he doesn't understand what impossible demands he is making. PURANI: Gandhi speaks ...
... seeing Jinnah on the 6th. It is not known whether the Viceroy has called him or Jinnah himself has asked to see him. SRI AUROBINDO: The Viceroy must have called him. PURANI: It would be better if Sikandar Hyat Khan were to be with him. SRI AUROBINDO: The Viceroy has already seen him. The Viceroy has some plan perhaps. He may be coming to a compromise with Gandhi and wants to warn Jinnah or tell... tell him to square up. SATYENDRA: It is strange that Jinnah has never said what he wants. SRI AUROBINDO: Perhaps he doesn't know it himself-unless he wants to be a Minister. NIRODBARAN: And that he can't say publicly. SRI AUROBINDO: But it is clear what he wants. He wants either a Muslim half of India over which he can rule or some arrangement by which he can rule at Delhi. In that way Sikandar ...
... necessary the Congress is trying to flirt with Jinnah and Jinnah simply thinks that he has to obstinately stick to his terms to get them. The more they try the more Jinnah becomes intransigent. Disciple : There was an idea that the Congress should have mass contact with the Muslims and it is unfortunate that the Congress did not take it up. Jinnah is appealing to the Hindu Minorities to join ...
... PURANI: Jinnah is a sort of dictator. He wants to be obeyed in everything and he would discard no means for his aim. SRI AUROBINDO: In that case it would be bad for Huque and Sikandar. (After a while) If the Hindus consent to accept Jinnah as their Badshah, then he may agree. He will say, "Oh the cause of the Hindus is so dear to my heart!" (Laughter) SATYENDRA: And Jinnah is demanding... Chamberlain. I am almost sure they are standing in the way; otherwise, with the Labour pressure and with the Liberals also joining, something would have been done. Of course they have some trouble over Jinnah. They don't want to create any trouble among the Muslims just now. PURANI: He has been put up by the Government. SRI AUROBINDO: I don't think so. Wherever it suits him, he goes against the Viceroy... against Germany or Russia when, in case England goes down, they try to come to Asia. That is the only chance for India. While they fight each other, India can prepare herself, provided people like Jinnah and Bose are not there. NIRODBARAN: But if England goes down, Japan may herself grab India. SRI AUROBINDO: She may. But out of the three evils, she may be the best and I don't think she will ...
... stalemate continued: a double stalemate, in fact, - in Indo-British and in Hindu-Muslim relations, respectively. Unfortunately, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of September 1944 and the prolonged exchange of letters failed to produce a satisfactory agreement. Jinnah wouldn't budge from his demand for Pakistan, and Gandhi couldn't agree to it. The new Viceroy, Lord Wavell, was well-meaning, but a solution... l satyagraha", and was jailed again; and the interview between Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo did not, after all, take place. The withdrawal of the Congress Ministries, the truculence of Mr. Jinnah and the Muslim League, the launching of individual satyagraha, the ignoble course of! the 'phoney war', the cold cynicism behind the partition of Poland between Germany and Russia, and the steep... fallen, the Malaysian peninsula had been overrun, and still there was no halting the advance of Japanese arms. In this critical situation, the people of India heard only confused counsels. While Jinnah talked of the "Muslim Nation", Gandhi swore by non-violence. Subhas Chandra Bose had in the meantime joined hands with Japanese and formed an "army of liberation" or the Indian National Army, Nehru ...
... place, the process of governance is not undermined. Events in Pakistan In Pakistan, events were moving fast and in a different direction. The founding father, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, was Pakistan's first governor-general. He was terminally ill at the time of Pakistan's independence, and died within a year. His deputy, Liaquat Ali Khan, the first prime minister, was assassinated... West Pakistanis. Since 55% of Pakistanis lived in East Pakistan, under the democratic system, they would have come to dominate the national political decision making process, something that neither Jinnah nor Liaquat were willing to countenance. At the same time, they knew that dominance by an unrepresentative centre would inevitably provoke dissension from the regions. And inevitably, this denial of... East Pakistan. An important point to note is that Jinnah's, and to an even greater extent, Liaquat's effectiveness was limited by the fact that they were immigrants from India. The fact that Jinnah had insisted on making Urdu the national language was resented by many ethnic groups, such as the Bengalis in East Pakistan, who had a pride in their language. Slowly and as a consequence of these ...
... Muslem domination, be it under a Khoja Baniya (Jinnah) or a Hindu Baniya (Gandhi). (Laughter) Jinnah is now piping down and saying; "Ah, I didn't mean this or that. They have misunderstood me. I didn't want the transference of Muslem minorities," etc., and he is all praise for the Sikhs. PURANI: He knows he will get it hot from the Sikhs. If Jinnah maintains his theories he will create difficulty ...
... V As the Mother had feared, the political situation in India continued to be bedeviled by distressing disharmony in Hindu-Muslim and Indo-British relations. In September 1944, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks had failed to Page 446 hammer out an agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League. The year of victory, 1945, had been wasted in futile poses and vain recriminations. The... purposes, the Congress members pulling one way and the Muslim Leaguers in the opposite direction. All efforts, whether in India or in Britain, to preserve a United India were successfully stalled by Jinnah and his associates. The year 1946 closed for India in bitter disillusion indeed. VI Throughout 1946, the Ashram preserved a calm exterior, and the communal and spiritual life of the sadhaks... follow Gandhiji's advice either and reject the partition proposal outright. Caught in a vicious trap, partly of their own making, they were prisoners of puzzlement, and Mountbatten had his way with Jinnah and the Congress leaders alike. 17 IX On 2 June 1947, the day after the announcement regarding the Partition was made, the Mother issued a statement, with the full concurrence of Sri ...
... Sri Aurobindo 24 JANUARY 1940 PURANI: Jinnah has threatened the Viceroy that if the Congress comes back to power there will be a revolution in India. SRI AUROBINDO: The Congress, once it has resigned, can't come back to power even if it has a majority. PURANI: Jinnah says that Gandhi is making a compromise with the Viceroy and will then crush the Muslims... Muslims and other minorities. He won't tolerate this. SRI AUROBINDO: I suppose Jinnah means: "Make me a king or—" PURANI: "I will kick up a row." SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. PURANI: Different people have given different solutions regarding this problem. Professor Saha says, "A Constituent Assembly will succeed." Sikandar Hyat proposes a committee of some seventeen persons. SRI AUROBINDO: And ...
... Congress and the League. SRI AUROBINDO: Quite so. PURANI: The best way is for the Viceroy to tell Jinnah that he is going to give self-government to India in spite of the League's refusal and resistance and if Jinnah goes against it, he will be brought under the Defence Act. One thing Jinnah is afraid of is jail. He will never go to jail. That is the only way. (Sri Aurobindo began to smile.) ...
... 241(fn), 249 and the communal principle, 19, 53 ,195 corruption in, 209 a Fascist organization. 215 imitation of, 61,62 Page 266 and the Indian people, 18,32 and Jinnah, 223 it s leaders, 10, 20 and Pakistan, 224 and th e Partition, 244 sessions of, -Arnrttsar (1919), 149 -Calcutta ( 1906), 35 . Lahore ( 1929), 149(fn) -Luc know (1916),195 -Nagpur ( 19 20)... Islamic culture ,168 ,179 it his a, 98(fn) J Jainism, 151 , 176 , 177 Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 156 (fn) Japan, 88, 137,202,216, 237 (fn) Japanese, 216, 218 jat, 90 Jews, 190, 242 Jinnah, 223, 224, 230, 241, 245 Judaism, 129 Judea, 137 K Kabir, 146 Kala Purusha , 91 Kali Yuga, 91 KaJi,44, 106, 124 Kalki,148 Karmayogin (English weekly) , 47, 71, 77,83 Kashmir, 228 ...
... was neither of India's making nor was it with consultation of its people or representatives. It is felt by many political analysts that this act of resignation was a wrong step and helped Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan. Page 94 As V. P. Menon pointed out: Had it (the Congress party) not resigned from its position of vantage in the Provinces the course of Indian... demand for a change at the centre, a demand which would have been all the more irresistible after the entry of Japan into the war. It is clear that but for the resignation of the Congress Ministries, Jinnah and the Muslim League would have never attained the position they did.1 Another serious long-term consequence of the Congress decision to quit was losing control over the strategic ...
... of that communal principle at Lucknow made them permanently a separate political entity in India which ought never to have happened.'3 At about the same time, most ironically, Mohammed Ali Jinnah too opposed the idea of a separate electorate for the Muslims. In the words of Krishna Iyer: 'He opposed the Muslim League's stand of favouring separate electorate for the Muslims and described it... President had emphasised the need for a thorough union of all the people and pleaded with Hindus and Muslims to 'sink or swim together'. 'Without this union, all efforts will be in vain', he added. Jinnah was in full Page 90 Annie Besant with Henry Olcott (left) and Charles Leadbeater (right) in Adyar in December 1905 Annie set up a new school for boys ...
... some time) : Tomorrow is the 22nd. NIRODBARAN: Why do you mention it?. SATYENDRA: Jinnah will heave a sigh of relief from mourning. NIRODBARAN: Oh! PURANI: Malaviya has asked to observe it as the Gita day also. NIRODBARAN: Some members of the League have tried to tone down. SRI AUROBINDO: Jinnah himself has done it. NIRODBARAN: What struck me as inconsistent in the Bengal Government's ...
... 24-25 DECEMBER 1939 PURANI: Sir Sikandar has gone to Bombay to see Jinnah, perhaps for some compromise between Congress and the League, and the Aga Khan also is starting for India. He too may try for some rapprochment. SRI AUROBINDO: It is no use unless they can get rid of Jinnah from the League. SATYENDRA: The Sindh Premier is trying to get Congress support for his Ministry ...
... idea of two nationalities in India is only a new-fangled notion invented by Jinnah for his purposes and contrary to the facts. More than 90% of the Indian Mussulmans are descendants of converted Hindus and belong as much to the Indian nation as the Hindus themselves. This process of conversion has continued all along; Jinnah is himself a descendant of a Hindu converted in fairly recent times named Jinnabhai ...
... idea of two nationalities in India is only a newly-fangled notion invented by Jinnah for his purposes and contrary to the facts. More than 90% of the Indian Mussalmans are descendants of converted Hindus and belong as much to the Indian nation as the Hindus themselves. This process of conversion has continued all along; Jinnah is himself a descendant of a Hindu, converted in fairly recent times, named ...
... astrologers have said that Gandhi will see India realise her freedom during his lifetime. SRI AUROBINDO: That is quite possible. If by freedom is meant Dominion Status, India can get it tomorrow if Jinnah comes round. NIRODBARAN: It seems Gandhi is ready to accept Dominion Status. SRI AUROBINDO: Of course. That is common sense. If after Dominion Status you can secede from the British Government... to people—the Southerners—who didn't want to join the British Empire. Otherwise the British Government would have been willing to concede full Dominion Status to Ireland as one whole. In India, if Jinnah had had the good sense to come to an agreement with the Congress, the British Government would have granted Dominion Status. The real problem then would have been after Dominion Status, what? N ...
... AUROBINDO: No. It can't. It has said that compromise with the Muslims has to be effected. It has given the veto to Jinnah, and Gandhi also has done the same by saying that the Hindu-Muslim problem has to be solved before dealing with the question of joining the Ministry. In that case Jinnah will see his advantage and will hold out for the best terms. SATYENDRA: The Congress seems to be irrational in ...
... PURANI: He doesn't say. It may not be a round table conference again. . SRI AUROBINDO: Will the Indian leaders be able to come to an agreement? If the Congress stands for the Constituent Assembly, Jinnah won't consent. SATYENDRA: If the Viceroy has conceded our right to frame our own constitution, it is quite reasonable. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, only people don't listen to reason nowadays. SATYENDRA:... statement is most uninspiring and unconvincing. And there is a snag too. If the constitution is unacceptable to large and important sections, then the Government can't agree to it. That means that if Jinnah and the Princes don't accept it, there is no settlement. SATYENDRA: Nehru says the Sevadal won't be dissolved. They will keep their organisation. NIRODBARAN: With lathi? 6 SATYENDRA: ...
... in India before the British rule? NIRODBARAN: But now since our national consciousness is more developed, there is more chance of unity if the British don't bolster up Jinnah and his Muslim claims. SRI AUROBINDO: Does Jinnah want unity? His very character shows what he wants. What he wants is independence for Muslims and, if possible, rule over India. That is the old spirit. But why is it expected ...
... Government, it would be a war Government and therefore no controversial legislation would be introduced. He also said that such a coalition Ministry would include the Justice Party, the Muslim League, if Jinnah permitted it, Christians, Scheduled castes and one European. When the Governor asked whether the Congress would permit it, Rajaji replied: 'I will be prepared to break away (from the Congress) and... RESERVING RIGHT REPUDIATE RESIST PARTITION MOTHERLAND TO ACCEPT COOPERATION PURPOSE WAR INDIA UNION. CANNOT COMBINATION MAHASABHA CONGRESS NATIONALIST AND ANTI-JINNAH Page 106 MUSLIMS DEFEAT LEAGUE IN ELECTIONS BENGAL PUNJAB SIND. HAVE SENT ADVOCATE DURAISWAMI IYER TO MEET YOU. SRI AUROBINDO 2 April ...
... March, 1947: 'Even that early, only four days after his arrival, I got the feeling that he had decided which way he was going, what solution he had in mind. I told him on this occasion that in my view, Jinnah and the Muslim League would be willing to accept even a truncated Pakistan rather than go into a central Government. He seized upon the point right away. I left him feeling that he had come to India... that Sardar Patel would head the new department called Department of States and V. P. Menon was appointed its secretary. The importance of the creation of this department was great, as in July 1947 Jinnah stated that the Muslim League recognised 'the right of each state to choose its destiny'. His position was that the princely states were fully entitled to say that they would not accede to either dominion ...
... and law and order problems. Second, the India-Pakistan war over Kashmir encouraged the state to concentrate resources at the centre and, again, in the army. Finally, the death in 1948 of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of the nation, left a political and ideological vacuum. When the British partitioned and left the Indian sub-continent in 1947, Pakistan faced the formidable task of building a centre... to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of an Islamic system as an essential prerequisite for the country." Contrast that with the oft-quoted statement of Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, "You are free, free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other places of worship in this state of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed; that has ...
... im split was not Swadeshi, but the acceptance of the communal principle by the Congress, (here Tilak made his great blunder). A very important point to note is the attitude of Mohamed Ali Jinnah. At this time, most interestingly and somewhat ironically, he opposed the idea of a separate electorate for the Muslims. In the words of Krishna Iyer: "He opposed the Muslim League's stand of favouring... President had emphasised the need for "a thorough union of all the people" and pleaded with Hindus and Muslims to "sink or swim together. Without this union, all efforts will be in vain", he added. Jinnah was in full agreement with this view. He deprecated the "contrary separatist policy advocated by the League". This step of creating separate electorates was a turning point in the ...
... will come when we'll get independence and you'll be without slaves." The leaders even took on Qaid-e-Azam, M.A. Jinnah. The Mohajirs are not carving out a separate Jinnahpur within Sindh because - and Hussain almost shouted this out - "if we break the country, we will never name it after Jinnah". Hussain now says his next step will be to write a letter to Indian Muslims: "I will inform them about what ...
... each of the two groups overriding the autonomy of the provinces? That would mean that the Sikhs, the Frontier Province and Assam are to be thrown to the wolves, offered as an appeasing sacrifice to Jinnah. It would mean the establishment of a divided Pakistan of which the two portions, Eastern and Western, would ultimately and indeed very soon unite and secede from any All-India Union that might be ...
... upon us—and we touch poetry neat and fresh. One thing, of course, we do know: the Mohamed Ali spoken of is neither the brother of Shaukat, famous in the old days of the Khilafat controversy, nor Mr. Jinnah addressed in a mood of familiarity. No, there is no politics here: Sarojini Naidu's genius cannot flower from a political soil, at least not when she herself is an active mover to and fro on it ...
... 1940-contd Talks with Sri Aurobindo 24 MARCH 1940 PURANI: Jinnah speaks of two Indian States—one Hindu and one Muslim. SRI AUROBINDO: Why two and not several? PURANI: Armando Menezes, the Goan poet, has come. He is publishing another book called Chaos and a Dancing Star. SRI AUROBINDO: The dancing star will be taken for a cinema star. (Laughter) ...
... differences. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, these Labour leaders seem to be useless as regards India. In their own affairs they can exert pressure on the Government. Even the Manchester Guardian defends Jinnah. It doesn't know enough about India, it seems. NIRODBARAN: That paper sometimes takes this side and sometimes that side. SRI AUROBINDO: If the Congress had agreed to the scheme of a few people ...
... AUROBINDO: I don't think an invasion is likely or possible. SATYENDRA: They can only make air raids. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. The British are preparing their defences NIRODBARAN (addressing Purani): Jinnah has come out. So he is not ill. SRI AUROBINDO: He practically says to the Government, "You side with us and we will see." PURANI: What can the Congress do? SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. NIRODBARAN: ...
... don't want foreign rule. There is no doubt that the majority of prominent Muslims want independence. NIRODBARAN: The majority? SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. But they want Mohammedan independence. Even Jinnah wants independence. He has said it many times. I don't think the Muslims would prefer foreign domination to independence. If India had the proper equipment, it would be quite a job for other nations ...
... England. SRI AUROBINDO: Every day won't be calm, and what will they do then? How will they maintain their supplies? EVENING According to the radio news the Viceroy will be meeting Gandhi and Jinnah during the week. SATYENDRA: This Viceroy Linlithgow is a good man. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. PURANI: Better than Willingdon at any rate. NIRODBARAN: It was Mrs. Willingdon who was worse. SRI ...
... abolished the Caliph, religion, etc. If the headache is due to the stomach, what about Gandhi's blood-pressure? Is it due to the stomach also? It would be more correct to say that it was due to the sins of Jinnah. ( Laughter ) SATYENDRA: Moral law is not the creator and upholder of creation. SRI AUROBINDO: No, prior to man there was no moral law. In the material or vital world, moral law doesn't exist ...
... they like. NIRODBARAN: Rajendra Prasad has said that the communal problem must be solved in any way possible. SRI AUROBINDO: In any way? Then it is very easy. All Hindus can turn Mohammedans. Jinnah would like nothing better. SATYENDRA: Yes, and then they can again become Hindus by Shuddhi. Rajendra Prasad also says that if it can't be solved, it must be given up once for all. PURANI: Hasrat ...
... out yet, though reviews don't influence the sale. SRI AUROBINDO: In England they do. Plenty of people read the reviews. Any book recommended by the Book Club has a good sale. EVENING PURANI: Jinnah is getting impossible. He says that India is one country but with two nations in it—Hindu and Muslim. SRI AUROBINDO: Two heads on one body? Why two only? As the Hindu points out, there are other ...
... 1940-contd Talks with Sri Aurobindo 9 AUGUST 1940 SATYENDRA: Everybody is silent on the Viceroy's declaration. Jinnah, Gandhi, C.R. nobody says anything. And he is interviewing the leaders all over again. He seems to be bent on expansion of his council, but perhaps nobody will accept it except the Liberals. NIRODBARAN: Why, Savarkar has said he will ...
... S. Srinivasa, 340fn, 527 Jadhav, Khasirao, 47,63,216,202,260,394, 507 Jadhav, Madhavrao, 47, 216 Jauhar, Surendranath, 750, 760,764 Jayaswal, K. P., 508 Jinnah,M.A.,529,702,710 Joan of Arc 55,191 Johnson, Lionel, 99 Jones, Sir William, 13 Joyce, James, 535 Julius Caesar, 140 Kabir, 9, 497 Kalidasa ...
... why should they? Which nation acts on the principles of justice? Why should we expect them to fulfill a standard which we ourselves can't satisfy. Indian problem has been very badly bungled by Jinnah, and Congress and Mahasabha. They have not been able to play their cards well. That is why they are losing the game. What is justice after all? To the Socialist denial of all property, liquidation ...
... heaved forward on the crest of tremendous popular excitement and mass involvement reminiscent of the great days of the Home Rule movement and the earlier Bande Mataram agitation. Leaders like M.A. Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapru and V.S. Srinivasa Sastri were now out of the Congress, but that meant no serious diminution in its strength, for it had swollen into a mighty flood for the time being Page ...
... the real face. The Nationalists saw the face. What to say of the notorious Page 521 self-serving Congress moderates, when even Tilak fell into the trap? The 1916 Luck now Pact with Jinnah made the Muslims 'permanently a separate political entity in India.' But Gandhi's Khilafat affair made that entity, 'an organised separate political power.' India is still paying the price. After ...
... MENACING FUTURE INDIA. IS THERE NO WAY WHILE RESERVING RIGHT REPUDIATE RESIST PARTITION MOTHERLAND TO ACCEPT COOPERATION PURPOSE WAR INDIA UNION. CANNOT COMBINATION MAHASABHA CONGRESS NATIONALIST AND ANTI-JINNAH MUSLIMS DEFEAT LEAGUE IN ELECTIONS BENGAL PUNJAB SIND. HAVE SENT ADVOCATE DURAISWAMI IYER TO MEET YOU. SRI AUROBINDO 2 April 1942 [4] [Telegram to C. Rajagopalachari] RAJAGOPALACHARI ...
... in the belief that the Muslims are Hinduism's enemies. Although unfortunately an anti-Hindu virus has been working in the Muslim community owing to the machinations of fanatics and especially since Jinnah brought forward the two-nation theory and caused the sanguinary commotion that culminated in Pakistan, one cannot tar all Muslims with the same brush. Out of the three and a half crores residing in ...
... menacing future India. Is there no way while reserving right repudiate resist partition Motherland to accept cooperation purpose war India Union. Cannot combination Mahasabha Congress Nationalist and anti-Jinnah Muslims defeat League in elections Bengal Punjab Sind? Have sent advocate Duraiswami Iyer to meet you." (2-4-1942, 9-30 a.m.) Here an important point is the grave possibility of a division within the ...
... the atom. But how do they know that the space between protons and electrons is empty? NIRODBARAN: Because they can't find anything there. SRI AUROBINDO: Science is full of emptiness then. Jinnah has proclaimed his Muslim India and Hindu India scheme which has brought out numerous protests. Savarkar is touring all over India and is getting a tremendous reception. SATYENDRA: Savarkar says ...
... Huque seems to be an incapable fellow; he goes on talking rabidly. Sikandar seems more able. SRI AUROBINDO: Sikandar is a very able politician. DR. MANILAL: Huque seems to have surrendered to Jinnah. He has no position of his own. SRI AUROBINDO: He never had. DR. MANILAL: And yet Bose couldn't drive him out. SRI AUROBINDO: Bose is no better statesman than Huque. DR. MANILAL: Is he ...
... communalism. What is he himself doing in Bengal? NIRODBARAN: C.R.'s statement seems very fine. In a few words he has expressed the whole thing. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, but if he is going to call Jinnah into conference the unity he speaks of seems improbable. And I don't know what he means by a "gesture". If he wants Indian leaders to be included in the War Committee, it is most unlikely that the ...
... people's money! DR. MANILAL: Do you think the Government will give something? SRI AUROBINDO: Not likely so long as the Muslim League and others go on like that and don't unite. DR. MANILAL: Jinnah gave one of the finest speeches of his life and he talks of unity now. SRI AUROBINDO: Nonsense! You can't take politicians' words at their face value. You have to see what they do. He is going on ...
... openly said in his book that to carry the public, one has only to lie, to give false promises, and they will be with you. It shows now that what he has said is quite true. PURANI (after some time) : Jinnah seems to be seriously ill. SRI AUROBINDO: About two days ago he gave out a statement on the Pakistan scheme. PURANI: This Gujarati paper says he is ill. If he goes, then— SRI AUROBINDO (smiling): ...
... Jinnah's statement? After this, Congress should have nothing to do with him. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, the more they approach him the more insolent he becomes. Is it true that the Momins, the sect to which jinnah belongs, constitute half the number of Muslims in India? That is what is being said. PURANI: I don't know exactly. When Sri Aurobindo was lying down, Purani showed him some photos of Meher Baba's ...
... the Germans. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, but Dr. Koht said, "It was not true that the Norwegians betrayed Norway. The fact is that some of them were sympathetic to the Germans." (Laughter) PURANI: Jinnah has admitted that he has no control over the Khaksars. They are quite independent and they have not authorised him to make any settlement. On this The Hindu comments that it is very pleasing to see ...
... powerful, for they want to drive out the British. SATYENDRA: It is said that the Government is behind the present Hindu-Muslim disunity. Somebody said that this Muslim India scheme won't survive Jinnah. NIRODBARAN: A hint to do away with him? (Laughter) SRI AUROBINDO: By sending him to the war? How old is he? PURANI: About sixty. SRI AUROBINDO: Oh, then no chance. (Laughter) PURANI: ...
... AUROBINDO: It depends on how they work it out. But as for defence and war, they are all inexperienced. In England a minister can carry on with the help of the Civil Service, the Admiralty, etc. Jinnah is already speaking against the National Government. He wants Pakistan. I suppose that if a Muslim majority is granted, he will accept such a government. PURANI: In Pondicherry the officials are ...
... why did they resign the Ministry? They shouldn't have resigned at all. Reforms of whatever kind would have come as a natural step. PURANI (after some time): Huque has started his tirade against Jinnah. SRI AUROBINDO: How? He says that he wants a settlement with the Congress and the League. PURANI: Yes, but he doesn't like Jinnah's asking the League members not to take part in the war committee ...
... 1940-contd Talks with Sri Aurobindo 27 SEPTEMBER 1940 SATYENDRA: It seems Jinnah carried many files with him to his interview with the Viceroy. SRI AUROBINDO: Files? All the speeches he delivered at the Muslim League meetings? (Laughter) He is making most exacting demands. PURANI: The Secretary of State has already answered Gandhi's conscientious ...
... Status? SRI AUROBINDO: Why, it is the same thing. They have offered "free and equal partnership in the Commonwealth". That is the same as Dominion Status. They can't call it Dominion Status because Jinnah is opposed to it and the Congress too. Where it falls short is on the question of the minorities—if the minorities don't accept it, it can't be given. There is also the question of the expansion of ...
... how during the Swadeshi movement the Bengal revolutionaries used to quote passages from it to show the downfall of the British. NIRODBARAN: Have you seen that Bose is trying to make a pact with Jinnah? SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. What about Pakistan then? NIRODBARAN: He will agree to it. SRI AUROBINDO: Does he want to Mohammedanise Bengal? NIRODBARAN: Have you read Gandhi's statement today? ...
... "But it is because of the British divide-and-rule policy that we can't unite," we parried. "Nonsense!" 2 Sri Aurobindo rebuffed. "Was there unity in India before the British rule?... Does Jinnah want unity? His very character shows what he wants — independence for the Muslims and rule over India if possible. The old spirit." In the impasse created partially by the bankruptcy of the Congress ...
... Rajendra Prasad, Maulana Azad, Vallabbhai Patel, C.Rajagopalachari (xx) Declaration of the goal of Complete Independence (xxi) Jail experience of eminent leaders (xxii) Gandhi and Jinnah (xxiii) Gandhi and British Viceroys (xxiv) Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose (xxv) Gandhi and his constructive programme (xxvi) Freedom struggle becomes a mass movement (xxvii) ...
... attempted to keep Khan apprised of the political mood in East Pakistan, which the ISI believed had swung in favor of President Khan. But the ISI had miscalculated the popularity of Khan's opponent, Fatima Jinnah. 11 The following year, the ISI's intelligence collection and analysis during the Indo-Pakistani War, which took place over Kashmir, was a fiasco. The ISI, under Director-General Brigadier Riaz Hussain ...
... Jatti, B.D. 817, 821 Jawaharlal Nehru 404, 457, 595-6, 624, 716 Jay Holmes Smith 547-8, 589 Jaya Devi 233-4, 236, 239, 242 Jayantilal Parekh 691 Jesus Christ 180, 317, 482, 762 Jinnah, M.A. 446-7, 451, 458, 463 John of the Cross, Saint 41, 112 Jones, William 497 Joseph Szarka 674 Jotindranath 285 Juliana of Norwich 62 Kafka, Franz 483 Kamalaben Amin 691 ...
... is not likely that the Pakistan Government will consent to any understanding except one which will help to perpetuate the partition and be to their advantage. It would be most dangerous to forget Jinnah's motive and policy in establishing Pakistan which is still the motive and policy of the Pakistan leaders,—although it would not be politic to say anything about it just now. If you keep what you have... if she cannot cope with it in Kashmir in spite of her initial advantage, can she do it anywhere? If she gives up Kashmir because of her military weakness that encourages Pakistan to carry through Jinnah's plan with regard to the establishment of Muslim rule in Northern India and they will try it out. I don't think this is really the case. It was for political motives, I take it, and not from a con ...
... As a matter of fact he is already doing it. He has been given the sole power. PURANI: Perhaps the Viceroy is coming down now. The Times comment suggests that. Have you seen it? It says that Jinnah's demands are unreasonable. That may be the British Government's view too. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, the Times is their official organ. PURANI: There is a reason too. It seems Russia and Japan are ...
... life of a great and united people. 4 But the Kashmir question continued to bedevil Indo-Pakistan relations, and the dispute was to be endlessly debated in the United Nations Security Council. Jinnah's death followed in September 1948, and the hopes of concord and cooperation in the subcontinent receded further still. Page 458 The international scene was not much better. The 'cold war'... prolonged sufferance of the Razacker excesses, Sardar Patel ordered 'Police action' on the Nizam's Hyderabad, and the army quickly overran the State which presently became a part of India. Following Jinnah's death, the age of uncertainty began in Pakistan. The UN mediator in Palestine, Bernadette, was cruelly assassinated. In China, Mao's Communist forces continued their relentless advance, and captured ...
... favouring the accused in the Alipore Bomb case. That was a lengthy trial. Tilak was fifty-two years old then. He was not granted bail, and remained in prison throughout. Even the bail plea of M. A. Jinnah's — then a budding lawyer, later the creator of Pakistan—was refused, although he had pleaded that Tilak was under treatment for diabetes. Tilak conducted his own defence, assisted by Khaparde, Karandikar ...
... representative man of his sub-nation, Maharashtra, hew as also the representative Indian whom the Vedic Rishis could have hailed as Page 268 a comrade and whom it was also Mr. M.A. Jinnah's ambition to emulate as a fearless nationalist. Besides, Tilak - who was to be described as the Father of Indian Unrest by Sir Valentine Chirol - was no mere demagogue; a democrat he certainly was ...
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