Prakrit : one of the languages that represented a departure from the fixed form of Sanskrit. They began as vernacular dialects & eventually developed distinct literary styles.
... that came to light long ago at Taxila and Pūl-i-Dārunteh respectively. It has Irānian words, too, like those inscriptions and like the Aramaic version of the bilingual "Kandahār I"; but the use of Prakrit words shows that it could not have been meant for people completely Irānianized. A semi-Irānianized people must have been addressed. So we have to think what should have been evident from the texts... those antecedents as derived from "Simhala". Pliny's "Simundus" is not dissimilar to "Serendivus" which, like "Serendib" and "Sirlediba", has in its last part the Sanskrit "dvīpa" ("island") or the Prakrit dīpa. Now, the main word "Smha" ("lion") from "Simhala" may be used to build a contracted compound Simhadvīpa instead of Sirhhaladvīpa. Such a compound would be just as valid as the... for the island of Ceylon. Then "Simundivus" or "Simundus" would not be an illegitimate foreign transcription: the insertion of the nasal (n) in the second syllable would even be according to the Prakrit tendency marked by S. N. Majumdar 1 himself and once before invoked by him in the course of the Parirhda-controversy: vakra-titvata num. With "Palae" as a prefix, the compound "Palaesimundus" would ...
... Kautilya or Vishnugupta) occurs. The earliest reference in Sanskrit to the legend of Chānakya is found in the Mrchchhakatika of Śūdraka (probably fourth century A.D.) where this name appears in the Prakrit form Chanakka (1.39 and VIII. 34 and 35).... The Nandīsūtā of the Jainas [not later than the 1.Published by Kusumanjali Prakashan, Meerut, 1985. 2. Op. cit. , pp. 22-23. Page 558... easily be a number of centuries earlier than Kālidāsa. If Bhāsa could be, à la Pusalker, in the 5th or 4th century B.C., Aśvaghosha could be still earlier since, as Mehendale 4 observes, "Bhāsa's Prakrit is later than that of Aśvaghosha". As for Vātsyāyana, the issue is again complex. His non-mention of Kautilya's Arthaśāstra may simply mean that he chose Brihas-pati's work as a better model... inscription of Samudragupta it is used for those states which were on the frontier of his empire but were included in it. However in the Aśokan inscriptions the term prachamta or pachchanta (Prakrit form of pratyanta) is used for the neighbouring states outside the empire of Aśoka. This fact should be regarded as a strong indication of the posteriority of Kautilya to Aśoka, and of his nearness ...
... famous authors in Tamil and famous works in Tamil d) The story of Pali and authors who wrote in Pali : memorable works in Pali; e) The story of Prakrit: great authors who wrote in Prakrit and memorable works in Prakrit; f) Origin and development of the modem Indian languages: Names of all modem Indian languages and famous authors and the works in these languages; ... Muni and Abhinavagupta (ii) famous Sanskrit dramas prior to Kalidasa; c) Kalidasa: his poetry and drama; d) Post-Kalidasian drama; e) Katha Sarit Sagar; f) Use of Prakrit in Sanskrit dramas; g) Bare outline of the great stories and dramas, written in India in Arabic and Persian; h) Bare outline of stories and dramas written in modem Indian languages; ...
... in relation to Sanskrit. Thus, the language of the Harappan culture may be deduced to have been, as Sethna calls it, a proto-Prakrit. With respect to this designation as well as the general force of the argument, it is worth noting Sethna's comparison of later Prakrit equivalents of "Mlechchha" - "Melakha" and "Milakkha" - with the actual pronunciation of "Meluhha", which may be represented ...
... on the Sankhya. (Disciple M.) was repeating Navakar like Gayatri. Disciple : It sounds like Pali. Disciple : Yes; it is written in Magadhi. It is in the Prakrit language. Sri Aurobindo : What kind of Prakrit? There are many Prakrits. Disciple : The language that was current in Behar. Disciple : Mahavir was a Behari. Date not available but sometime ...
... loses all apparent relation to its original form and structure. Every other language, however remote, is a corruption formed by detrition and perversion of the original language into a Prakrit or the Prakrit of a Prakrit and so on to increasing stages of impurity. The superior purity of the Indian language is the reason of its being called the Sanscrit and not given any local name, its basis being universal ...
... had proclaimed his message to the common man, in the Prakrit dialects understood by all; he did not address it to the cultured and learned intelligentsia, in Sanskrit, the language of learning. Tantra follows in its discipline this line of popular appeal. That is why we find it so popular particularly in the lower strata of society. The Prakrit texts of Tantra as well as the Charyapadavali eulogise ...
... continuous vigour of creation cease with the loss of vitality by the Sanskrit tongue, but was paralleled and carried on in a mass of great or of beautiful work in her other languages, in Pali first and Prakrit, much unfortunately lost, 1 and Tamil, afterwards in Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and other tongues. The long tradition of her architecture, sculpture and painting speaks for itself, even in what survives ...
... had in mind such a Ganges-wide location when he wrote of 'the whole tract along the Ganges' as a single extensive unity. "And the name 'Gangaridai' is most probably an echo of the possible Prakrit expression, Gangārāttā, 'Ganges-States', denoting a number of confederacies of varying size and importance held together - however loosely - in spite of several kings by the predominant position ...
... name of I-tsing's monarch. That is the point Sircar has in mind. His objection appears to get support from the discovery of two seals. 2 One bears the legend Gutasya (in mixed Sanskrit and Prakrit), the other the Sanskrit legend Śrīguptasya. Two different persons with distinct names seem to be here. The Problem of Fa-hien's Record The next barrier across the new pathway ...
... consonants to be closer to those of the Germanic, Armenian and Hittite daughter 170.For Greek see the two papers of Haripriya Misra: "A Comparative Study of Assimilation of Conjunct Consonants in Prakrit and Greek" (Linguistic Researches, Vol. IV, 1982, Research Journal of the Department of Linguistics, Banaras Hindu University), pp. 35-38, and "A Comparative Study of Vowel Contraction in Greek and ...
... categories of water, fire, air and sky; the deities presiding over the Indriyas and the Indriyas (sense powers) themselves; and the mind, the elements forming the objects of senses, and the Gunas of Prakrit/'. 39. She saw within Page 30 her child the whole universe with all its diversities and distinctions caused by the Jīva (or individuality), Time (or the principle of change), Swabhāva ...
... perspective sub specie aeternitatis. The sexual function, for example, is easily equated to the double movement of ascent and descent that is secreted in nature, or to the combined action of Purusha and Prakrit! in the cosmic Play, or again to the hidden fount of Delight that holds and moves the universe. In this view there is nothing merely secular and profane, but all is woven into the cosmic spiritual ...
... effacing absolutely the ego-sense. In fact, the Mother-worshipper himself is not the sadhaka. He has sacrificed himself and his ‘I’-ness completely at the Feet of the Mother, the Primal Power, and so Prakrit Herself is the sadhaka in him. The followers of Vedanta want Page 216 to conquer Prakrti like a hero with the power of Purusa. The worshippers of Sakti, the Mother, ...
... over the disorderly elements of his nature. In the language of Yoga we can say, it is the first, initial, tentative release of the mental Purusha from the hypnotic spell, the inexorable thralldom of Prakrit ! or Nature. The mental being or Purusha can now say "No", at least to some of tin impulses of the lower nature, though his refusal of consent is more often than not, overridden by the impetuous urges ...
... to time, compromise with the new tendencies, preserve something of the skeleton, lose the flesh, blood, sinew, much of the force & spirit. This reconstructed language they call Sanskrit; all else Prakrit. The backbone of the skeleton is composed of the roots of the original language that survive; the rest is the various principles of word-formation. Accordingly in the languages of the world which ...
... Notes on Phonetic Transformations Greek Origins. The following rules govern normally the transliteration of the Old Sanscrit into the Greek Prakrit. There are however other variations. Vowels. अ becomes α ε or o , normally, but these short vowels may be lengthened by the old Aeolic tendency into diphthongs, αɩ, εɩ, oυ. In certain ...
... be a rudderless ship in the storm of the desires and passions or a slave of either inertia or the impulses of the body. I know it is more difficult because man being primarily a creature of mental Prakrit] identifies himself with the movements of his mind and cannot at once dissociate himself and stand free from the whirl and eddies of the mind whirlpool. It is comparatively easy for him to put a control ...
... Mirza, Hormazdyer K., "Observations on Ancient Iranian TrAditīon", in Jam-e-Jamshed (Bombay), (June 12 and 26, 1978). Misra, Haripriya, "A Comparative Study of Assimilation of Conjunct Consonants in Prakrit and Greek", in Linguistic Researches Vol. IV (Dept. of Linguistics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1982). "A .Comparative Study of Vowel Contraction in Greek and Middle Indo-Aryan", in Historical ...
... 16 Piggott, Stuart, 6, 54, 58, 59, 60, 68, 74 Pipru, 110, 111 Piśācha, 85, 116-17 Pischel, 103 Plato, 107 Potter, Simeon, 91 Pottery, 63-4, 68-9 Prakrit, 33 Pre-Harappān, 56, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 101, 102 Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Parkistan, 2fn. Page 148 Prithivi ...
... a demand for a temperate richness of variation, became the final law of language. But the Sanskrit tongue never quite reached the final stages of this development; it dissolved too early into the Prakrit dialects. Even in its latest and most literary form it is lavish of varieties of meanings for the same word; it overflows with a redundant wealth of synonyms. Hence its extraordinary capacity for ...
... Indian compound expression, with Gangā (Ganges) for its first member, which these informants found it useful to adopt from regional colloquial practice. The most likely expression is the possible Prakrit Gangārāttā, "Ganges-State". It would denote either of two political entities. There could be a confederacy of different countries, with minor heads under one paramount lord. Or there could be ...
... it is. I remember how often I was reading and repeating to myself in Poland, "In order to stand aside, you must know yourself as the Purusha (conscious being; essential being supporting the play of Prakrit (Nature or cosmic energy)) who merely watches, consents to God's work, upholds the Adhar and enjoys the fruits that God gives." But at that time I never grasped that it means I shall really be doing ...
... based on the knowledge of the relationship between Puruṣa consciousness (the consciousness which refers to originating consciousness, controlling consciousness and witnessing consciousness) and Prakrit! consciousness (the consciousness which tends to execute and accomplish the will and command of Puruṣa consciousness), it speaks of three levels of the lower self and two levels of the higher and ...
... Banarsidass, 1986. — Jain, K.C. Kalidasa and his Times. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan, 1990. — Kalidasa. Kalidasa, The Loom of Time, Translated from Sanskrit Page 49 and Prakrit with an Introduction by Chandra Rajan. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1989. —Kalidasa. The Plays of Kalidasa, Theater of Memory, Edited by Barbara Stoler Miller. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers ...
... force of action), and Satyam (existent). It is He, the Bull, and it is She as the cow; it is He, the supreme existence, (Parabrahman, Purushottama and Parameshwara), and it is She, (Aditi, Para Prakrit! and Parameshwari), it is He (Indra), and it is She (Maya of Indra). It is He with his companion, who sits on the same tree, and eats the fruit and is bewildered but who becomes free from bewilderment ...
... of mental control need not be sudden and complete — it can be replaced as it goes by the action of the Purusha — his consent or refusal. You have said, "Everything which belongs to Prakrit! can be rejected by the Purusha." But when the Purusha itself has become one with Prakriti', what is one to do? There is no need of rejection when the Purusha is one with the Prakriti — ...
... cosmic and even a divine principle: it takes the spiritual form of the Ishwara and the Shakti and without it there could be no world-creation or manifestation of the world principle of Purusha and Prakrit! which are both necessary for the creation, necessary too in their association and interchange for the play of its psychological working and in their manifestation as soul and Nature fundamental to ...
... modifications I now take for granted, but I shall prove each of them by numerous Page 596 examples when I come to deal with the phenomena of phonetic change in the development of the Greek Prakrits. We find, then, in Greek the following derivatives of mal —μάλα ( mala ), much, very, exceedingly, surely (from sense “to be abundant”), μἄλλoν ( māllon ), μάλɩστα ( malista ), more, most, obviously ...
... with the Sanskrit eka, while 'one' in Zend is aeva. So the s is preserved in satta where it becomes h in Irānian (hapta) and the exact form is found, not indeed in Sanskrit, but in the Prakrits which were supposed to be post-Vedic." 5 Coming to the most important document, the treaty, we may adduce as settling the whole issue a masterly examination of it by Paul Thieme. 6 His article ...
... Indo-Aryan roots. The majority of grammatical structures in Dravidian are shown as arising from suffixed elements borrowed from Indo-Aryan. But he is careful to send us to Vedic idioms and spoken Prakrits rather than to classical Sanskrit which is a late literary development. Aiyar seems to be on a genuine Aurobindonian tack, except that he does not envisage a common linguistic ancestry instead ...
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