Punjab Panjab Paṅchanada : Bhattacharya: “the land of the five rivers…all tributaries of the Indus. It is connected with the trans-Himālayan countries in the NW by four passes of which the chief is the Khyber. It has, therefore, received immigrants [=unarmed non-violent refugees, escapees from their tyrannised land?] from the west in all ages & is a sort of ethnological museum (?!) of the Europeans across the seas all the invaders who raided India entered this subcontinent through the Panjab & left some marks of themselves on its population. Civilisation flourished in the Panjab in the dim [insignificant?] past. In historical times Panjab was included within [Persia’s] Achaemenian Empire of Darius I in the 5th century BC, but by the time it was invaded by Alexander…in 326 BC the Panjab had come to be divided into a number of petty states which Alexander conquered…after his death the Panjab formed a part of the Maurya Empire. After… the Panjab came to be successively raided & occupied by the Graeco-Bactrians, the Graeco-Bactrians, the Śakas, Kushāns, & Hunas. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was the first Moslem conqueror of the Panjab from whose descendants it was conquered Shiab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri in 1186. It formed part of the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 & continued to be part of the Moghul Empire till the middle of the 18th century when it became the theatre of a tripartite conflict amongst the Afghans, the Marathas & the Sikhs. The Maratha power was liquidated by the Afghan Ahmad Shah Abdali at the 3rd Battle of Pāṇīpat in 1761. Abdali who belonged to the Durrani clan of Afghanistan invaded & occupied Panjab eight times between 1747 & 1767. After his death which followed soon, the Sikhs began to rise to power until Ranjit Singh turned the Panjab into a strong & independent Sikh kingdom.” [A Dict. of Indian History, pp. 1, 713-14, etc.]
... reputation to avoid extreme, violent and arbitrary measures. That was the dream. The reality to which we awake, is Rawalpindi and Jamalpur. The events in the Punjab are an instructive lesson in the nature of bureaucratic rule. The Punjab has, since the Mutiny, been a quiet, loyal and patient province; whatever burdens have been laid on it, its people have borne without complaint; whatever oppression... insolent treatment, rude oppression. The Anglo-Indian cry is that disloyal Bengal has infected loyal Punjab with the virus of sedition. Undoubtedly, the new spirit which has gone out like a mighty fire from Bengal lighting up the whole of India, has found its most favourable ground in the Punjab; but Page 382 a fire does not burn without fuel, and where there is the most revolutionary... Colonisation Act legalising the oppressions and illegalities under which the Punjab landholders and peasantry have groaned, had generated the feeling of an intolerable burden, and when a few fearless men brought to the people the message of self-help, the good tidings that in their own hands lay their own salvation, the men of the Punjab found again their ancient spirit and determined to stand upright in the ...
... the Editorship of Sri Aurobindo 24.Oct.1906 - 27.May.1907 Bande Mataram Passive Resistance in the Punjab 23-April-1907 We are glad to find that Passive Resistance is being boldly carried into effect in the Punjab. The recent demonstrations at Lahore which followed the Punjabee conviction have evidently come as a shock upon the white population. So... Lahore demonstrations have carried the conviction home. Accordingly we find the Englishman groping about in an intellectual fog in search of such novelties as concession and reform, while in the Punjab itself the panic is taking the form of incipient terrorism. Sirdar Ajit Singh of the Lahore Patriots' Association has been doing admirable work among the masses. His most recent success has been to... methods the Government must instinctively resort to in order to snuff out our resistance and that it was the imperative duty of every patriot to resist such arbitrary orders. We are glad to see that the Punjab has promptly taken up the challenge thrown down by the bureaucrat. Page 338 ...
... as a serious attempt to account for the situation in the Punjab, we begin to see what a plentiful lack of wisdom and knowledge governs us in India. For we may be sure that the diet of lies which the Times correspondent serves up as a dainty dish for the British public, is merely a daintily-seasoned version of the official view in the Punjab. It is not to be questioned that the present struggle is... But when the writer begins to trace all evil to the Arya Samaj, he at once passes into the regions of romance. No doubt the lion's share of the political spirit and Page 649 genius in the Punjab belongs to the Aryas, but that is the result of the manliness of the creed preached by Dayananda and the admirable working power, self-sacrifice and gift of organisation which the Samaj has fostered ...
... organised community containing more than half the brains and activity of the Punjab? Already the charge has been made that by giving special privileges to the Mahomedans, the Government have abandoned definitely the principle of religious neutrality on which their rule has hitherto been founded. The present Governor of the Punjab is possibly capable of such a step,—after the whitewashing of the Police... makes for national strength, efficiency or manhood is by that very fact suspect and indeed self-convicted as seditious and its very existence a crime to be punished by the law. The Governor of the Punjab is either himself an official of this class or swayed by advisers of that temper. Under such circumstances it is enough to issue once for all a strong and dignified repudiation of the charge and then... We are not quite sure that at Patiala the prosecuting counsel did not hint that to bring Christianity or Mahomedanism into contempt or hatred is sedition. And we have these remarkable cases in the Punjab, where to translate Seeley's Expansion of England or Mr. Bryan's opinion of British rule in India seems to have a fair chance of being established as sedition. Mr. Stead's Review of Reviews is ...
... to me, “We, the Hindus of the west Punjab, have committed innumerable sins and have therefore been driven out from our native places and made destitute of all our belongings. Mysterious is the turn of fate. Our Karma has compelled us to part with our relatives who are all individually striving for their new homes and hearths in the Hindusthani part of Punjab. “Will the wheels of fortune turn ...
... SUBJECTS COMMITTEE: — 1) Each of the six Provinces, namely, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United Provinces, The Punjab and the Central Provinces shall return Members to the Subjects Committee as follows:— Bengal & Assam - 20. Bombay - 15. Madras - 15. United Provinces - 15. Punjab - 10. Central Provinces - 10. 2) No subject shall be brought up for discussion at the Congress unless... Congress, the delegates of each Province shall elect 170 Representatives distributed among the six Provinces as follows:— Bengal - 40. Bombay - 30. Madras - 30. United Provinces - 30. Punjab - 20. Central Provinces - 20. The method of election shall be the same as in the case of the Members of the Subjects Committee. 4) None but such Representatives shall be entitled to vote on ...
... Congress is, Swadeshi or no Swadeshi, Boycott or no Boycott, and no minor considerations can be admitted. A still more extraordinary piece of information is that Punjab will put up Lala Lajpat Rai against Mr. Tilak! We know, on the contrary, that Punjab is for Mr. Tilak and that Lala Lajpat Rai is the last man to countenance opposition to Mr. Tilak. In itself the candidature of Lala Lajpat Rai would not be ...
... 18-April-1907 The finale of the Punjabee case has converted a tragedy into a farce. The bureaucracy started to crush the new spirit in Punjab by making a severe example of its leading exponent in the Press. They have ended by acerbating public feeling in the Punjab and creating racial hostility—the very offence for which, ostensibly, the Punjabee is punished,—without gaining their ends. The ferocious ...
... which is being practised on a large scale in the Punjab. There is not the least sign of trouble or violence or even widespread agitation of any kind in that province. The causes which excited agitation and violence formerly were purely local and, with the removal of the cause, the effect, as it was bound to do, disappeared. Since then, the Punjab has been profoundly quiet, and the opposition to the... right. So far we have always been right in these matters and they have always been wrong, the new Councils being only the latest of numerous instances during the last few years. Police Unrest in the Punjab The action of some of the statesmen of this country seems to be guided by the principle that the best way to bring about a particular object is to try and promote its opposite. They certainly desire... and enjoys the support and patronage of Mr. Gokhale, may seem to the authorities a certain sign of widespread seditious feeling in the land. Is it by stirring up sedition with a police pole that the Punjab bureaucrats think they can get rid of unrest? Page 321 ...
... Mata section of the Punjab Nationalists for forcing the hands of the bureaucracy and compelling them to change definitely indirect for direct methods of despotism. It has cleared the air, it has dispelled delusions; it has forced us to look without blinking into the face of an iron Necessity. The question may then be asked, what farther room is there for passive resistance? A Punjab politician is said... said to have observed, after the arrests of Lala Hansraj and his friends and the first development of violent insanity in the Punjab authorities, "I do not see why the people should go on any longer with open agitation." But, in our opinion, there is still room for passive resistance, if for nothing else than to force the bureaucracy to lay all its cards face upward on the table; the oppression must ...
... Moreover, by 1818 the proud Rajputs, driven by petty jealousies, had become feudatories of the Company. All that now remained was the conquest of Sind and the Punjab. The former fell in the aftermath of the disastrous Anglo-Afghan war. In Punjab as a result of the anarchy following the death of Ranjit Singh, his successors could not stand up to the British. A few years later Dalhousie became the Gov... empire had more or less disintegrated, after the Muslim forces of Persian king Nadir Shah plundered Delhi in 1739. Later in 1756, Ahmad Shah, the Emir of Afghanistan, who had previously seized the Punjab, again captured Delhi. A united force of Marathas and Sikhs could not defeat the invaders, and the possibility of a reunification of Indian peoples into a strong national state began to dim. ... British troops in his state. While the system was a complete success, it undermined the independence of Indian rulers and gave the British total power in India. The Sikhs of Punjab, after the death of Ranjit Singh, attacked British positions, starting a costly war. The Sikhs were one of many groups or individual states that resisted British exploitation, brutality and territorial ...
... Nation is not one of the three. The Empire is very much hurt that the Indian papers have not taken any notice of the Viceroy's magnanimous though somewhat belated refusal to sanction the Punjab Colonisation Bill. Page 489 Our contemporary thinks that we kept silent out of pure cussedness. This is unkind. Could not our dear white brother—or our dear green brother, we should say—realise... sudden and stupendous magnanimity! Who would like to hurt our sympathetic Viceroy's feelings by such ungracious truths! Or again supposing the Bengal papers were contrasting silently events in the Punjab and Bengal? They do present a remarkable contrast. In Bengal we have agitated for two years—first with repeated petitions, with countless protest meetings, with innumerable wails and entreaties from... us, insult and ridicule were our only gain. Then we tried every lawful means of concrete protest, every kind of passive resistance within the law to show that we were in earnest. Result,—nil. But in Punjab they petitioned and protested only for a few weeks and then—went for Europeans, their persons, their property and everything connected with them. Result—the water tax postponed, the Colonisation Bill ...
... if the authorities had been equally supine and helpless in dealing with Hindus as with Mahomedans, but this is not the case. Compare the action of the Government in the Punjab with that of the Government in Bengal. In the Punjab, because there was a popular riot, all the leading Hindu gentlemen have been arrested on outrageous charges, the town held by cavalry, siege-guns pointed upon it, the police ...
... given. NIRODBARAN: Only Bengal and the Punjab remain now under the Muslim League. SRI AUROBINDO: The Muslim League is not so strong in Bengal, for there is the Praja Party. And in the Punjab, Sikander Hyat Khan looks like an able man. Only in the United Provinces does the Muslim League seem strong. If the Congress could win in Sind, then the Bengal and Punjab Premiers will stand on two sides of India... impossible now. SRI AUROBINDO: I don't understand why the Congress opened negotiations with the League. The League has been given undue importance. How is it that the Congress is so weak in the Punjab? PURANI: Because of the Socialists and the Old Group. The Jaipur affair is starting again. Bajaj is going to offer satyagraha and Gandhi is giving his approval. SRI AUROBINDO: Since he is ...
... attack on the students under cover of the Risley Circular. The objective of the authorities is clear enough. It is to prevent the promulgation and organisation of the Swadeshi and Swaraj sentiment in Punjab and Bengal. In the promulgation of Swadeshism we have used three great instruments, the Press, the Platform and the students. The Press by itself can only popularise ideas, it cannot impart that motive... trade by prolonging the disturbances into the critical part of the jute season. Moreover, the attempt of the officials to isolate Swarajism in East Bengal had failed. Swarajism had set fire to the Punjab, it had begun to permeate the United Provinces, it was spreading with great rapidity in Madras. Another year and the whole of India would have been submerged. It was these circumstances, apparently... propaganda from the Platform and can in any case crush it by violent and persistent coercion. It is applied, on the familiar principle of localising opposition and crushing it in detail, to East Bengal and Punjab only, but can easily be extended, should occasion arise. Finally, by the Risley Circular it is sou Page 430 ght to strike out of the hands of Nationalism its chief strength, the young and ...
... crucified or torn by real wild beasts to embody his mimic imaginations. Sir Denzil has conceived a splendid melodramatic tragedy called The Rebellion Forestalled or British Empire Saved and the Punjab Bar have been obliged to play the leading parts. The conception is admirable. An inoffensive pleader sitting among his briefs, to all appearance harmless, unmilitary, civilian, but in reality a masked... success and we doubt whether it will be any more successful in India than elsewhere. But here we find panic initiating a policy, bewilderment approving of it and alarm sanctioning it. Not only the Punjab Government, not only the "level-headed" Lord Minto, but even the austere and philosophical Mr. Morley has committed himself to government Page 401 by panic. It is for us to take full advantage ...
... almost everywhere. That is an indication of the power to govern if powers are given. Disciple : Only Bengal and Punjab remain under Muslim League influence. Sri Aurobindo : The Muslim League is not so strong in Bengal – there is the Praja party there. In the Punjab Sikandar Hayat Khan seems to be an able man. Only, in U. P. the Muslim League seems strong. Disciple : I wonder... almost everywhere. That is an indication of the power to govern if powers are given. Disciple : Only Bengal and Punjab remain under Muslim League influence. Sri Aurobindo : The Muslim League is not so strong in Bengal – there is the Praja party there. In the Punjab Sikandar Hayat Khan seems to be an able man. Only, in U. P. the Muslim League seems strong. Disciple : I wonder... Disciple : I do not understand why the Congress opened negotiations with the League. It has been giving an undue importance. Sri Aurobindo : How is it that the Congress is so weak in the Punjab? Disciple : Because of the Socialists and the old Congress people fighting each other. The Jayapur affair is starting again. Bajaj is going to offer Satyagraha. It seems, Mahatma has given ...
... comprised of Punjab Muslims. SRI AUROBINDO: Muslims? NIRODBARAN: Yes. SRI AUROBINDO: What land forces? The army? NIRODBARAN: Perhaps. SRI AUROBINDO: People say the Bengalis and the Madrasis are non-martial races. But it has been pointed out that the English conquered Bengal with the help of Madrasi sepoys, the United Provinces with that of Bengali sepoys and the Muslim Punjab itself with ...
... Jagannath) Jagannath Vedalankar's Correspondence with The Mother 8 July 1947 Divine Mother, My elder brother, who lives in the Pakistan area of the Punjab and is a rich man, asks me: “Should I continue to live in the Pakistan area or migrate from it and become an inhabitant in the Hindustan area? I am at a loss what to do. No one in our area has migrated ...
... indignation meetings have been forbidden for four days. Indignation meetings? The hour for speeches and fine writing is past. The bureaucracy has thrown down the gauntlet. We take it up. Men of the Punjab! Race of the lion! Show these men who would stamp you into the dust that for one Lajpat they have taken away, a hundred Lajpats will arise in his place. Let them hear a hundred times louder your war-cry— ...
... got a new contract through Mr. Talwar the then Chairman of the State Bank of India in Bombay. Later I came to know that Auroville Designs took assignments from various places in India specially in Punjab through Mr. Prem Malik. Shyamsunder asked me whether the Mother had told me and written to me about Auroville and the Matrimandir. I said that she had, but that I could not give the matter to ...
... with serious danger certainly to the British monopoly of commercial exploitation, possibly to the supremacy of British officialdom. In order to save these threatened citadels the bureaucrats in the Punjab and Eastern Bengal have embarked on a policy of thorough-going repression in which the practically unlimited and arbitrary power of an autocratic executive is backed up and confirmed by a zealous judiciary... the judiciary are willing to support and confirm the actions of the executive unhesitatingly and without a qualm. These conditions have been secured in East Bengal and still more completely in the Punjab. But there is one weak point, the Achilles' heel in the otherwise invulnerable constitution of the bureaucracy, and that is the High Court of Bengal. The oldest and most venerable institution of British ...
... SRI AUROBINDO: They will start civil war at once. But I don't see how their Pakistan scheme can be successful if the Frontier, Baluchistan and Sind don't want it. In that case only Punjab and Bengal remain. In Punjab the Sikhs and Hindus won't stand being Muslimised, I suppose. NIRODBARAN: The Sikhs won't. SRI AUROBINDO: The Hindus will, you mean? And in Bengal, I don't know what they will do ...
... Jagannath Vedalankar's Correspondence with The Mother 30 September 1947 Divine Mother, My elder brother, who lives in the Pakistan part of the Punjab, writes to me in a letter received today: “Our native village has been looted and captured by Moslems. All Hindus there have fled away and taken refuge in a big town in Pakistan. My family is also ...
... with Jagannath) Jagannath Vedalankar's Correspondence with The Mother 20 March 1947 Divine Mother, Since riots and disturbances have begun in the Punjab, my waking consciousness has been lowered down and sunk into the mire of attachment for my relatives who are suffering in their native place. When my mind is at rest, various thoughts come to it over ...
... action of the Minto-Morley Government has torn every veil from the situation and the policy of the British rulers. Whatever else may be the result of this vigorous attempt to crush Nationalism in the Punjab, it has the merit of clearing the air. We have no farther excuse for mistaking our position or blundering into ineffective policies. The bureaucracy has declared with savage emphasis that it will tolerate... a hundred fiery spirits rush to fill the place of the fallen leader. In Bengal, therefore, other measures have been adopted. But the moment the bureaucrats were sure that the fire had caught in the Punjab, they hastened to strike, hoping by the suppression of a few persons to suppress the whole movement. The first blow at the Punjabee was a disastrous failure. The second has been delivered with e ...
... what may be called the yogic psychology of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. This has been presented in Appendix IV. I wish to place on record my gratitude to Sir C.P.N. Singh, formerly Governor of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, and to Professor D.P. Chattopadhyaya, Chairman of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research, for the encouragement they have given me to pursue my research work. Above all ...
... meeting and it lays down with great solemnity the points on which it does or does not want information from us. Since the success of the C. M. Gazette in bringing about the coup d'état in the Punjab, the whole Anglo-Indian Press seems to be suffering from an epidemic of swelled head. Our remarks on the subject were not to the address of our contemporary or dictated by any desire to enlighten its ...
... was nothing so much the matter with Gurdas Ram's heart as to justify his being let out on bail. Gurdas Ram has proved by his death the inaccuracy as well as the brutal levity of the report. But the Punjab Government must no doubt be well-pleased with itself and Sir Denzil Ibbetson on his way to the eternal judgment-seat may at least know that a necessary witness has received the summons before him and ...
... an instinct for journalism that was remarkable for one of his retiring and recluse habits." When the British saw the fire of Nationalism taking hold of Punjab they hastened to stamp it out. On 9 May 1907, Lala Lajpat Rai, the Lion of Punjab, was arrested and deported to Mandalay in Burma, along with Ajit Singh. The news reached Calcutta at about midnight. In a couple of hours the Bande Mataram... indignation meetings have been forbidden for four days. Indignation meetings? The hour for speeches and fine writings is past. The bureaucracy has thrown down the gauntlet. We take it up. Men of the Punjab! Race of the lion! Show these men who would stamp you into the dust that for one Lajpat they have taken away, a hundred Lajpat will arise in his place. Let them hear a hundred times louder your war-cry— ...
... occasion. The Natus were deported because it was suspected that they were behind the Poona assassinations and that the assassinations themselves were part of an elaborate Maratha conspiracy. In the Punjab there was nothing but a riot; for the persistent wild rumours of the disarming of regiments and murder of Europeans have received no confirmation of any kind. Deportation, as directed against the ... vitality and force of the movement, a price too heavy to pay; secondly where the will of a higher Power is active in a great upheaval, no individual is indispensable. The movement will not stop in the Punjab because Lajpat Rai is gone or Ajit Singh is hiding. Eppur si muove , "and still it moves", to its predestined end. ...
... educated men of the upper castes debated among themselves about the better ordering of society, and outside Bengal and the Punjab it was no better than an academic dispute on the Social Conference platform or between the reforming and orthodox Press. Even in Bengal and the Punjab, the movement was sectional, a revolt of Page 903 a small minority of the educated few, and did not touch the ...
... Keith, Mookerji elsewhere explains: "A part of the Rigveda, the hymns to Ushas, recalls the splendours of dawn in the Punjab, but a larger part refers to the strife of the elements, thunder and lightning, rain bursting from the clouds and mountains, which are not seen in the Punjab, but in the region called Brahmavarta watered by the Sarasvati, the Drshadvatl and the Apaya, where the bulk of the Rigveda... It is more likely that Indo-European-speaking pastoral tribes of a variety of traditions and probably of a diversity of ethnic background gradually infiltrated the fertile plain from Peshawar to the Punjab. This pattern of movement is more characteristic of pastoral peoples than the great migration historians are prone to dramatize. As pastoralists they may have established traditional seasonal routes... determining the mode in which the Vedic Aryans entered India.... If, as may be the case, the Aryan invaders of India entered by the western passes of the Hindu Kush and proceeded thence through the Punjab to the east, still that advance is not reflected in the Rigveda, the bulk at least of which seems to have been composed rather in the country round the Sarasvati river, south of the modern Ambala" ...
... sitting cheek by jowl with Srijut Surendranath Banerji to consult on the situation. At this meeting of opposites it was proposed, we believe, to issue a loyal manifesto after the fashion set by the Punjab. But owing to the opposition of the popular leaders who would not hear of such a betrayal and self-degradation the proposal fell through. We do not know how far the report is true, but if the proposal ...
... Lala Lajpat Rai 11-May-1907 We publish elsewhere the last letter we received from Lala Lajpat Rai previous to his sudden deportation. Great has been the good fortune of the Punjab leader in being selected as the first and noblest victim on the altar of Motherland. But for our part we may be pardoned if we indulge a feeling of regret and grief at the sudden parting from a friend ...
... arms and training to Sikh separatists who were fighting for an independent state of Khalistan in Indian Punjab. It is said that India responded to Pakistan's covert programs in Kashmir and Punjab by sending agent provocateurs into the bordering Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab. In 1983, there was a rebellion in Sindh. Military rule invariably heightens ethnic tensions in Pakistan... another plan. This was known as Operation Topac. The idea was to infiltrate into India and create dissension and start militancy. As a result, they began their first operations not in Kashmir, but in Punjab. In 1984, Operation Blue Star was a very painful experience. In 1989, the same operation was started in Jammu and Kashmir. Zia ruled for 11 years. The first two years were marked by indecisiveness... extending areas of our influence. This aspect will require detailed and ingenious planning. The fiasco of Op Gibraltar (1965) holds many lessons for us here. At a Certain stage of the operations, Punjab and adjacent areas of Jammu and Kashmir will be put under maximum pressure internally by our offensive posture. Phase 3 Detailed plans for the liberation of Kashmir ...
... proclaim India an undivided nation, but as a matter of fact India is not exactly of that type. She is a collectivity of many diverse sub-nations, a continent. Bengal is a state or a sub-nation, the Punjab is a state or a sub-nation, the Tamil Nadu and the Andhra Pradesh are each a state or a sub-nation but the unity of the whole of India is merely a geographical formula. Or perhaps it can be said that... country or nation. Its collective being has a separate living individuality. As in Great Britain there are Scotland, Wales and England, so in India the separate states like Bengal, Maharashtra and the Punjab are the different limbs of the collective being of India. But the thing is that just as Asia is far larger than Europe, the states of India are larger than the European states. To European eyes China ...
... the intention of the Government to remove Lajpat Rai to a particular place with a view to subject him to a particular kind of climate. In Mandalay in Upper Burma "where there is a large fort", the Punjab leader will not be allowed to do as he likes. The object of the Government in deporting him was to remove him from the scene of his labours and thus attempt to put a stop to his career of usefulness—call ...
... trivial that the Page 1072 legend of this stout fight over a shadow has little verisimilitude. About the question of the subscription to the creed the only difference between the Bengal-Punjab party and the Bombay-United Provinces party was whether it should be obligatory to sign the creed or sufficient to swear verbally to it. That the clause should be binding and express acceptance obligatory ...
... Aurobindo 28.May-22.Dec.1907 Bande Mataram Perishing Prestige 02-July-1907 Some time back a retired Anglo-Indian wrote a letter on the unrest in the Punjab in the Times . He said: "Many English officials live for weeks and months absolutely alone among Indians, far from others of their race, and their comfort and their safety are dependent on the prestige ...
... to effect the transfer of power without any delay. He accepted the plan of V.P. Menon, which involved the partition of India into two states, dividing Punjab and Bengal between India and Pakistan, with the predominantly non-Muslim areas in the Punjab and Bengal being excluded from Pakistan. On 3rd June 1947, Mountbatten announced the British plan to the nation. Page 111 It will... it; consider what the procedure would be immediately after HMG had made their announcement. For example, would a general election in India be necessary? How would we set about the partition of the Punjab, Bengal and Assam? Presumably, the decision will be left to HE and will not be open to argument. What will be the machinery... Yours very sincerely, Ismay.' Later ...
... narcotics, and big money have all come into play, further complicating the political scenario. Drug money is used by ISI to finance not only the Afghanistan war, but also the proxy war against India in Punjab and Kashmir. The ISI has the task of collection of foreign and domestic intelligence; co-ordination of intelligence functions of the three military services; surveillance over its cadre, foreigners... premise of the existence of the remaining part of Pakistan was lost in '71." The resolution describes the three evils of Pakistan as the army, bureaucracy and the intelligence agencies, "all hailing from Punjab, who were responsible for the dismemberment of the country.... They invaded the Baluch, the Pashtoons, the Sindhis and finally they assaulted the descendants of the creators of Pakistan, that is, the... six per cent from the national budget, while Mengal says that non-Punjabi provinces contribute 90 per cent to Pakistan's income but get little in return. "Even a beggar from Baluchistan can't enter Punjab as he can't beg in their language," he scoffs. The smaller provinces, the thinking goes, feel colonized and believe they are actually paying to be colonised. While politicians of the Indian subcontinent ...
... largely into the universal support given by Punjab Hindus to the new body and its great initial success. Mortification at the success of Mahomedans in securing Anglo-Indian sympathy and favour and the exclusion of Hindus from those blissful privileges figured largely in the speech of Sir Pratul Chandra Chatterji who was hailed as the natural leader of Punjab Hinduism. These are not good omens. It is ...
... Zamindar? Are we then to believe that the British Government is too weak to check the spread of rowdyism in East Bengal and the distribution of the "red pamphlet"? Then comes the deportation of the Punjab leader by the Government in a manner which reminds one of the conduct of "Cunning old Fury" in Alice in Wonderland , who wanted to play the parts of judge and jury to convict the defendant in a case ...
... After Mr. Morley came to power, it was, we believe, intended to recognise and officialise the Congress itself if possible. Even now it is quite conceivable, in view of the upheaval in Bengal and the Punjab, that an expanded Legislature with the appearance of a representative body but the reality of official control, may be given, not as a concession but as a tactical move. The organs of middle-class... eyes of the threatened class to the nature of the attack that was being made on it; and the Page 375 result was a widespread and passionate revolt which has now spread from Bengal to the Punjab and threatens to break out all over India. The struggle is now a struggle for life and death. If the bureaucracy conquers, the middle class will be broken, shattered, perhaps blotted out of existence; ...
... been attempted though not as yet on the Russian scale. When all these methods have been found ineffective, it is quite possible that the order "do not hesitate to shoot" may go out; already in the Punjab the threat has been used to prevent public meetings. The Friend of India is greatly mistaken if he thinks that his menaces will have any better effect than his abuse and cajolings: it is a wild dream ...
... 100 armed forces men who allotted to themselves at least 400 or more acres of prime land in Bahawalpur, heart of Punjab, "to defend it from the enemy," at the throw away rate of Rs 380 per acre (US Dollars Six & 50 cents). The list is only of one District. Such lists exist all over Punjab and Sindh where a new breed of landlords has already been created through similar allotments. These fertile ...
... as yet imperfect and inchoate but aware of its separate existence and conscious of its potential strength. That democracy is now alive in Bengal and Maharashtra, it is struggling to get existence in Punjab and Madras and, to a slighter extent, in the other provinces. When it is fully awake all over India, the unity of the whole country will be within sight. On the 16th of October, in the People's Pr ...
... 8 Hymn to Sindhu (The Mother of Rivers) RIGVEDA Mandala X: Sukta 75 [These Rivers, named after the well-known ancient rivers of the Punjab, are here symbolic of the streamings, the forces of consciousness. They are, as it is said, solar powers, the radiant energies of the Sun – the Supreme Light, their seat and source. They are encompassing ...
... were deliberately manufactured out of the connection with Krishnavarma, the expression "revolutionary", the use of the word "boys", and an anticipation of the agrarian outbreak in connection with the Punjab Government's ill-advised land legislation. The bubble has been speedily pricked by the simple statement of facts in the Punjabee and by Lajpat Rai's own evidence. That Lajpat Rai was acquainted with... charge of being not a religious but a political body. But to run nervously to all and sundry for a testimonial of respectability, to sue for a certificate of loyalty to the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and express gratitude for an ungracious, ambiguous and minatory letter of reply, to prejudge by dismissal a man whose guilt has yet to be proved, are actions which show that Swami Dayananda's religion ...
... under the Editorship of Sri Aurobindo 24.Oct.1906 - 27.May.1907 Bande Mataram By the Way - News from Nowhere From our correspondent 29-October-1906 The Punjab journal, Light , has suggested that in order to safeguard the Congress the Standing Committee should be empowered to expel from the Congress ranks any uncomfortable and undesirable delegate, by t ...
... Firstly, it was due to its agitation that the British promised to advance towards self-rule. Secondly, it was for the first time that there was an all-India movement with the exception of Punjab and Bengal. In Punjab, the Arya Samaj rejected the theosophical movement of Besant and in Bengal the leadership of C. R. Das was too powerful to make a dent. Probably what led to the failure of the movement was ...
... brutal, cunning and uneducated semi-savages. We see the same national characteristic in the shameful vilification in which the Anglo-Indian Press have indulged against the patriot whose influence in the Punjab has put in fear for their empire and their trade. We waive the question whether Lajpat Rai was or was not really guilty from the standpoint of the bureaucracy, Page 437 whether he was or ...
... Christianity, may after fifty years claim that because they have the same religion as the British, they were the rulers. (Laughter) Somebody else said that if only one district from U.P. was included in Punjab and one from Bihar in Bengal, then the Hindus would become a majority. This present division is fictitious and not natural. SRI AUROBINDO: In Assam it is like that. Sylhet has been included in Assam ...
... will say Tamil. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, he will but he knows that it has no chance. PURANI: Vijay Raghavacharya has asked why these communal troubles in U.P., C.P. and Bihar occur. Why not in the Punjab and Bengal? And he asserts that these troubles are engineered by the Muslims themselves. SRI AUROBINDO: Quite so. Or the Muslims will perhaps say that their Government was very popular and there ...
... RIGHT REPUDIATE RESIST PARTITION MOTHERLAND TO ACCEPT COOPERATION PURPOSE WAR INDIA UNION. CANNOT COMBINATION MAHASABHA CONGRESS NATIONALIST AND ANTI-JINNAH MUSLIMS DEFEAT LEAGUE IN ELECTIONS BENGAL PUNJAB SIND. HAVE SENT ADVOCATE DURAISWAMI IYER TO MEET YOU. SRI AUROBINDO 2 April 1942 [4] [Telegram to C. Rajagopalachari] RAJAGOPALACHARI BIRLA HOUSE NEW DELHI IS NOT COMPROMISE DEFENCE ...
... transference of Muslem minorities," etc., and he is all praise for the Sikhs. PURANI: He knows he will get it hot from the Sikhs. If Jinnah maintains his theories he will create difficulty in the Punjab. Sikander Hyat Khan will lose all his support. SRI AUROBINDO: The Sikhs have very strange names: "Tiger Lion", "Water Lion", "Fire Lion". ...
... would be if Congress got the majority of the nationalist Muslims on their side, and then take the Sindh Premier who wants to be with them. Thus they can retain Sindh for the Congress – and then in the Punjab they could come to some understanding with Sikandar Hayat Khan. If they had not driven out Khalikuzaman in U. P. there would have been no Muslim League in the U. P. If the Congress had joined with ...
... towards our ancestors. but also to our posterity.... In teaching geography, we impress upon the minds of our students that India is their motherland. and that Maharashtra produced Shivaji , that the Punjab was once ruled by Ranjit Singh. and that the Himalayas gave shelter to our ancient Rishis ." He also favoured learning and harnessing modern scientific inventions of the West for the welfare of mankind... towards our ancestors, but also to our posterity.... In teaching geography, we impress upon the minds of our students that India is their motherland, and that Maharashtra produced Shivaji, that the Punjab was once ruled by Ranjit Singh, and that the Himalayas gave shelter to our ancient Rishis." He also favoured learning and harnessing modern scientific inventions of the West for the welfare of mankind ...
... together. At the same time, there was a planned and systematic attack by Muslims on the Sikhs in East Punjab. This attack was of a diabolical character and lasted for months starting from Page 55 December 1946. The Muslim population of the Punjab, in order to cow down the Sikhs, resorted to a total campaign of murder, arson, loot and abduction of women. The Sikhs... and privileges of Muslims could not be protected under a parliamentary form of government. The Lahore session of the Muslim League was convened when the memory of the Khaksar tragedy in the Punjab was still fresh. The Quaid-e-Azam cancelled all the programmes of public pomp and show. The session was held in the open space of Minto Page 49 Park (now Iqbal Park) under the... d in India in default of one Central Government, in some areas to the existing Provincial Governments, made it imperative for the League to capture power and to establish its own Government in the Punjab at all costs, so that such a Government should be able to receive power independently of a Central Government of India; (c) The "Victory Day" of Mar. 2, 1947, was used by the League for making ...
... deportation of Lajpat and Ajit Singh, the proclamation, the unmasking of English liberalism, the awakening of Madras, the prosecutions at Rajamundry and Coconada, the continuing prosecutions in the Punjab and Bengal, the admission by the Times of the success of the Boycott, the throwing of 150,000 English labourers out of employment and the necessity of easing overstocked markets, are some of the ...
... that the British law and administration would at once reveal their true nature if the people were to enter on a real struggle for self-improvement and the repression that is being resorted to in the Punjab under the pretext of trial has caused no surprise to those with whom the work for the nation's future is a duty demanding enormous self-sacrifice. But the series of episodes connected with the Rawalpindi ...
... little children to come unto me"? PURANI: Yes. EVENING NIRODBARAN: O'Dwyer has been shot dead in an East London hall by a Punjabi, and Zetland and others have been hit. SRI AUROBINDO: The Punjab seems to have a predilection for shooting in London. The previous time it was Dhingra. PURANI: Yes. But this has no political significance, it seems. SRI AUROBINDO: The right man has been shot ...
... Provinces sent, according to the Amrita Bazar Patrika 's correspondent, about thirty; the Bombay number is not mentioned, but even the Statesman does not go beyond eighty; the rest came from the Punjab. Even the Anglo-Indian champion of Conventionism, estimating largely and on the basis of hopes and expectations, cannot raise the total to four hundred. The same paper takes refuge in the "huge concourse"... men and yet daring to call themselves the nation's Congress? The farce is almost over. The falsity of their pretensions has been shown up signally. The Convention will not dare again to meet in the Punjab; it will not come to Bengal; Nagpur, Amraoti and the Maharashtra are barred to it; and if the attendance from Madrasis any sign, it will not be easy for it to command a following or an audience again ...
... to make the boycott universal. The whole force of this vast country is a force which no government could permanently resist. But this force has not been brought to bear on the struggle, Bengal and Punjab have been left to fight out their battles unaided, without the active sympathy of the rest of India. This must be altered, the rest of India must be converted and we must not rest till we have secured ...
... We would have every town and village where the nation is awake write his welcome in letters of fire on balcony and roof of their dwellings not only in Bengal but in Madras, in Maharashtra, in the Punjab, wherever Nationalism is alive and the name of the Mother is honoured. We invite our countrymen all over India to become one with Bengal in the act of a rejoicing which is not for a man but for the ...
... NIRODBARAN: The British superiority in the air has now been proved. If only they can achieve equality in numbers. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, Hitler is superior on land only. PURANI: Somebody from Punjab, who has come for Darshan had a severe haemorrhage from the nose. I had to call Dr. André; he gave an injection and the bleeding stopped. SRI AUROBINDO: These people ought to pay André. PURANI: ...
... Khan, a member of the suspended Punjab provincial assembly. Sanaullah was arrested under the sedition law for criticizing the military government in November 1999. According to Sanaullah, he was whipped, beaten, held incommunicado, and interrogated for a week in police custody before eventually being released on bail. In October 2002, Sanaullah was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly and elected deputy leader... community. That was the justification he gave to create Pakistan. This feeling was echoed by the proposal made by Mohammed Iqbal. At the Allahabad Congress of 1930, he said: "I would like to see the Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated NorthWest... inevitable consequence of this attitude, there is a sense of dismay and revolt spreading in the whole of Pakistan. In fact there are strong indications that the constituent elements of Pakistan - Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and NWFP — are demanding separation and independence from the Central Government of Pakistan. It seems clear that as they begin to feel more strongly the centrifugal pull, they will stand ...
... could not do practically, as, for [ ] 1 reasons of my own, nothing could induce me to set my foot in the new Councils. On the other hand a gigantic movement of noncooperation merely to get some Punjab officials punished or to set up again the Turkish Empire which is dead and gone, shocks my ideas both of proportion and of common sense. I could only understand it as a means of "embarrassing the ...
... Editorship of Sri Aurobindo 24.Oct.1906 - 27.May.1907 Bande Mataram An Ineffectual Sedition Clause 19-April-1907 We commented yesterday on the folly of the Punjab Government in prosecuting the Punjabee and the ridiculous and unenviable position in which the practical collapse of that prosecution has landed them. The absolute lack of courage, insight and s ...
... Madras University and was sent by Raman to England. There is a lot of research now going on in India; of course there is nothing epoch-making. In some places, they are going only into details. In the Punjab they are working on the solubility of dyes. SRI AUROBINDO: They can do some research on the beard too: what are the different varieties and colours and what makes it long or short, or they may try ...
... later developed the culture and practice evidenced in the Rigveda, and stated positively, is that the Rigveda and its associated culture was developed by a people substantially native to the greater Punjab, in the period of 3500 B.C.-2500 B.C., and it continued as and contributed significantly to the civilisation of the Indus Valley and other interior settlements. He does not deny the possibility... testimony to the horse's presence in the Indus Valley is not at all borne out by archaeology for the post-Harappan period he assigns to the Aryans of the Rigveda. In the several excavated sites in Punjab and Northern Haryana - Bhagwanpura, Dadheri, Ropar, Kathpalon, Nagar, etc. - in the early time after 1500 B.C., when iron was not yet in use, has any sure sign of the horse been discovered? The only ...
... His Highness the Maharaja of Kashmir is about to issue a proclamation warning his subjects against the pitfalls of the so-called nationalist agitation. We do not doubt that his brother rulers in the Punjab will emulate so good an example." Some of us were at a loss to understand the cause of the Daily News 's jubilation. Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code runs as follows:—"Whoever by words either ...
... city commanded by siege-guns and crowded with military was a contemptible and hollow pretence. Yet without hearing the case, on the mere statement of the prosecuting officials, the Chief Court of the Punjab, supposed to be the highest repository of impartial British Justice, prejudged the accused, declared them guilty and refused bail. This is British law and British justice! Again in the course of the ...
... great river, awakens us to knowledge by the perception and shines in all our thoughts". If we understand by this expression, "the great river", as Sayana seems to understand, the physical river in the Punjab, we get an incoherence of thought and expression which is impossible except in a nightmare or a lunatic asylum. But it is possible to suppose that it means the great flood of inspiration and that there... sense of a delightful lake, and suppose that the Dravidians enclose the water of the rivers with a hundred dams so that the Aryans could not even get a glimpse of them. For even if the rivers of the Punjab all flow out of one heart-pleasing lake, yet their streams of water cannot even so have been triply placed in a cow and the cow hidden in a cave by the cleverest and most inventive Dravidians. "These ...
... its worst days, are yet, as we all know, far more genuinely learned & philosophic in their cast of thought & character than any other Indian race. Similarly the West also preserves its tradition; the Punjab is typified by its wide acceptance of such crude, but practical & active religions as those of Nanak Page 153 & Dayanunda Saraswati, religions which have been unable to take healthy root ...
... the leader. But he doesn't want to lead and the others refuse to follow him. (Laughter) PURANI: Perhaps there may be a conference of Premiers in which Rajagopalachari will be present. Now only Punjab and Bengal are left to decide. Sind also to some extent. SRI AUROBINDO: Sind's stand is very near to that of the Congress. PURANI: But the Princes may stand in the way. They ought to make a common ...
... which on the surface there seems to be no need of any such interpretation and the sūkta can be understood as a prayer or praise for the giving of rain or an account of a battle on the rivers of the Punjab. But the Veda cannot be interpreted by separate passages or hymns. If it is to have any coherent or consistent meaning, we must interpret it as a whole. We may escape our difficulties by assigning... full of Soma-wine, full of the ghṛta , full of ūrj , the energy? What are these waters that flow to the goal of the god's movement, that establish for man the supreme good? Not the rivers of the Punjab; no wildest assumption of barbarous confusion or insane incoherence in the mentality of the Vedic Rishis can induce us to put such a Page 112 construction upon such expressions. Obviously... absolutely clear that it has a mystic significance and is no mere sacrificial hymn of ritualistic barbarians,—the seven rivers, the waters, the seven sisters cannot here be the seven rivers of the Punjab. The waters in which the gods discovered the visible Agni cannot be terrestrial and material streams; this Agni who Page 116 increases by knowledge and makes his home and rest in the source ...
... these rivers mean, not merely where they flow. In our national schools, when we teach the children about Maharashtra we describe the land in which Shivaji lived. Speaking about Punjab, we tell the children about the Punjab of Ranjit Singh. Speaking about the geography of the Himalayas, we teach them how the land of the Himalayas has become holy because of its Rishis. We also teach the geography of ...
... country. The split in the Congress at Surat did not weaken the freedom movement; on the contrary it only strengthened it and its repercussions were felt all over India, particularly in Maharashtra, Punjab and South India. The political national consciousness was by this time fully dynamically awake. Page 92 During this period, there were many national leaders all over India; ...
... exercise of despotic power will be withdrawn out of the same consideration, the people remaining equally helpless before and after. The proclamation that is now brooding in a death-like hush over the Punjab and East Bengal is the amplest confirmation of the foregoing lines and disposes finally of the sickening cant of John Morley about the coexistence of free speech and personal rule. The freedom of a ...
... entrusted with the administration of their own affairs. Yet in the same article the Statesman justifies the deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai, even if he were innocent , because the occurrences in the Punjab were considered by the Government so serious that his removal was a necessity. Here is a consistent Friend of India! But if Mr. Mudholkar's exaggerated ideas of the Rawalpindi disturbances unfit his ...
... attend it without taking any prominent part in its deliberations. But at the present time the aspect of things has greatly changed. The party predominates in the Deccan, is extremely strong in the Punjab and a force to be reckoned with in Bengal. It numbers among its leaders and adherents many men of ability, energy and culture, some of whom have done good service in the past and others are obviously ...
... Lahore is not an event that is of any direct interest to Nationalists. Just as the three tailors of Tooley Street represented themselves as the British public, so the three egregious mediocrities of the Punjab pose as the people of their province and, in defiance of the great weight of opinion among the leading men and the still stronger force of feeling among the people against the holding of a Convention ...
... haven't got it yet. DR. MANILAL: As I see the sea, have an idea of it and know about it without plunging into it? SRI AUROBINDO: Even seeing it, you may not know it is the sea. As some people from Punjab saw the sea and asked, "What is that blue thing?" (Laughter) EVENING DR. MANILAL: How shall we be able to know whether one's nature has been transformed? SRI AUROBINDO: By being transformed ...
... have cherished them. But when Mr. Naoroji began his career nothing more real and solid was possible. The falling in pieces of the Maratha Confederacy and the overthrow of the Sikh power had left the Punjab and the Deccan stupefied and apathetic; the rest of India was politically exhausted and inert. In such circumstances it was inevitable that the task of reviving the life of the nation should fall into ...
... way, and the police must have known it. That in case of resistance even of the most passive kind, the police or military would not "hesitate to shoot", is extremely probable from the action of the Punjab authorities and the known attitude of the local officials in East Bengal. Would it then be wise for us, it is argued, to expose ourselves passively to the arrest and deportation of our leaders, the ...
... revolutionism. Page 436 In India any violent propaganda is impossible; violent action takes its place and the swift succession of attempted or successful outrages in Gujerat, Maharashtra, Punjab and Bengal shows that if the movement is not organised, as in these foreign countries, it is equally widespread. The very existence of such a conspiracy must paralyse all other forms and methods of ...
... Page 309 The Deoghar Sadhu Recently some of the Bengali papers have contained detailed information of the feat of a Sadhu who buried himself for some days not, as in the well-known Punjab case, giving up his outward consciousness and entering into the jada samadhi or inert inner existence, but in full possession of his outer senses and conversing at times from his living tomb with visitors ...
... touched it to her forehead with reverence. Once again she thanked me and leaned back in a relaxed manner. I asked her "Are you tired?" She answered: "No, I am not tired but worried about the Punjab situation. They are making a lot of trouble and killing many people." And she became grave. I asked her: "What about the Assam situation? Is it bad also?" She replied: "No, it is not so bad ...
... his The Harappa Culture and the Rigveda, that doyen of Indian archaeologists pointed out the single weak point in the thesis: 2 The lack of any evidence of Vedic Aryan culture from Sind and Punjab belonging to the 4000-2000 B.C. bracket. That was in 1963. Sethna did not rush into print ignoring this solitary flaw. He waited patiently for well over a decade-and-a-half till the necessary... before 2000 B.C.. The same Rana Ghundai IIIc Culture exists at low levels of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. From the opposite angle, no evidence of the horse has been discovered in the excavations in Punjab and Harvana in post-Harappan sites — which should have been the case if the Aryans brought the horse and the Rigveda into India around 1500 B.C. - while equine bones have been found of that date... came another major paper from Asko Parpola on the coming on the Aryans to India and the cultural-ethnic identity of the Dasas. Parpola based his hypothesis of Rigvedic Aryan movement from Swat to Punjab around 1600-1400 B.C. on the Mitanni treaty and the Kikkuli chariot-horse training manual. However, neither document has the word "Arya", nor does the recitation of the names of deities conform ...
... Tales of all Times Tales of all Times Tales of all Times Words of Long Ago Five Patience and Perseverance The people of the Punjab have a song which goes like this: The bulbul does not always sing in the garden, And the garden is not always in bloom; Happiness does not always reign, And friends are not always together. The conclusion to be ...
... that the Bombay nomination will give the lead to the rest of the Conventionist coteries, excepting perhaps Burma and Bengal. The Convention is now at a critical stage of its destinies. Disowned by the Punjab, troubled by strained relations between Bombay and Bengal, it has received the crowning blow from the Government which supports it; its policy has been discredited Page 354 before the country ...
... India" (Basham). Little is left but nebulous inferences from linguistic affinities for which other historical explanations could just as well be hypothesised. So instead of a gratuitous invasion of the Punjab by untraceable Central Asian nomads in 1500 B.C., what was proposed in The Problem of Aryan Origins was a "belt of ancient Aryanism" extending by the fourth millennium B.C. from the Ukraine to ...
... 30 The King and the Taxpayer "The water tax, the land laws, the Colonisation Act legalising the oppressions and illegalities under which Punjab landholders and peasantry have groaned, had generated the feeling of an intolerable burden," wrote Sri Aurobindo in the Bande Mataram issue of 6 May 1907. After he had stopped writing the political... who Page 288 were subjected to tortures — in some instances cruel and revolting beyond description —if they could not or would not yield what was demanded." Graphic enough? Madras, Punjab, U. P., all, all land under the British umbrella suffered the same fate. The result does not need any imagination: a great misery inflicted on the people of this rich and fertile land. From 1850 ...
... out of the hands of the Extremists. It was in order to keep the Congress out of the hands of the Extremists that the session was originally arranged to be held at Nagpur and the prior claims of the Punjab ignored. For Nagpur was then supposed to be a sleepy hollow of politics, a happy-hunting-ground of Rai Bahadurs and Government pets and tame patriots with the official collar round their necks, where ...
... Congress. Temporary withdrawal as a protest, not against the nature of the resolutions passed but against unconstitutional procedure, stands on a different footing and has been often practised, by the Punjab, for instance, when it abstained for several years from the Congress because of the arbitrary refusal to allow the question of the constitution to be dealt with or properly raised. This we hold ...
... to the Asiatic genius, which is popularly supposed to recoil from freedom and hug most lovingly the heaviest chains. The Patiala Arrests For some time past the Native States of Rajputana and Punjab have been vying with each other in promulgations and legislations of a drastic character against sedition and conspiracy. The object of these edicts seems to be to stifle all agitation or semblance... souls their own. On all this comes the commotion in Patiala. The Patiala conspiracy has yet to be proved to be more real than the Midnapur specimen. But, if all is true that is being asserted in the Punjab press as to the refusal of the most ordinary privileges of defence to the numerous accused and the amazing and successful defiance of High Court orders by Mr. Warburton, the police are not going the ...
... mobilize popular support for greater provincial autonomy. Thus, Centre-State relations became the principal focus for political conflict. This manifested itself at two levels: at a lower level, between Punjab, which was the dominant province, and the three smaller provinces in West Pakistan; and at a higher level, between West and East Pakistan. An important point to note is that Jinnah's, and... since he was concerned about the resulting dilution in the centre's authority. In January 1949, he used the services of Jinnah's successor as Governor-General, Khawaja Nazimuddin, to dissolve the Punjab legislature and take over the reins of power, thus setting a dangerous precedent. Soon after, Liaquat was assassinated. Liaquat's assassination resulted in the transfer of effective control ...
... with brilliant success to Anglo-Indian papers to get Mr. Tilak prosecuted at the time of the Poona murders? Or those who pointed out Lala Lajpat Rai to the bureaucracy as the man to strike at when the Punjab was in a ferment over the Colonisation Bill? But, by the Bengalee 's reasoning, men may be the moral descendants of Mir Jafar and Jagat Seth and yet be excellent patriots so long as they obey Moderate ...
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