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Tughlak, Mahomad : In 1320, Tughluq, founded the Tughluq dynasty by murdering the Sultan of Delhi; Timur-i-lang ended that dynasty in 1398. 1325, Ghiyas-ud-dīn’s son Mahomad is believed to have contrived his ‘accidental death’. Mahomad began by suppressing the rebellion led by his own cousin in South India, & the one led by his governor of Multan, & then conquered the South Indians kingdoms of Warangal, Devagiri, Malabār, & Dwara-Samudram. In 1327 he ordered the transfer of his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (q.v.) because it was situated at the centre of his empire which then extended from Punjab to Bengal & the foot of the Himalayas to Kanyā Kumari, & renamed it Daulatābād. Then he ordered all lay residents of Delhi to join his officials & armed forces whom he had ordered to shift to Daulatābād – 700 miles away across the Vindhya Mountains & that too on foot. The majority died or became lifelong invalids. So Mahomad ordered them all to return to Delhi. Ibn Battutah found Delhi in 1334 “deserted in some places & bearing the marks of ruin”. ― In 1330 he issued copper coins in place of gold ones but could not control their counterfeiting. Two years later he collected a vast army to invade Persia but too much money was spent in the preparation & abandoned the project. A second invasion was sent in the Kumaon region but that too proved disastrous. Hasty & hot-tempered, he brooked no opposition from anyone. The growing sense of the failure of his policy made him charge the people with perversity. In course of a talk with a contemporary official, Ziā-ud-dīn Barnī, he exclaimed: “I visit the people with chastisement upon the suspicion or presumption of their rebellious & treacherous designs, & I punish the most trifling act of contumacy with death. This I will do until I die, or until the people act honestly, & give up rebellion & contumacy. I have no such Wazir as will make rules to obviate my shedding blood. I punish people because they have all at once become my enemies & opponents. I have dispensed great wealth among them, but they have not become friendly & loyal.” He enhanced the rate of taxation & revived & created some additional cesses. According to Yahiya bin Ahmad Sirhindi the increment was twenty-fold & to this was added house-text & pasture tax. Then famines broke out in different parts of his empire & he became more tyrannical leading to revolts in 1334-35 in the South, in Gujarat & Sindh & in Bengal. The foreign Amīrs revolted in Daulatābād, resulting in the birth of the Bahmani kingdom in August 1347, & subsequently, the dismemberment of his vast empire of 23 provinces. After his death, his nephew, 46-year-old Fīrūz Shah was proclaimed Sultan in 1351. Fīrūz invaded Bengal in 1353 & again in 1359. He failed to defeat the sultan of Bengal, notes a historian, in spite of his offering a reward for every Hindu head, paying for 180,000 of them, & raiding Hindu villages for slaves. [Based on Bhattacharya: 293, 649-50, Dr Majumdar et al’s Advanced History…: 309-13, 318, etc.]