Franco : Francisco Franco (Bahamonde) (1892-1975). The Spanish Civil War began on July 17, 1936, when a group of right-wing officers led by General Franco staged a coup against the constitutional government of the Republic, & lasted 2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks, & 1 day. It immediately cast one half of Spain against the other. The rebel¬lion initially succeeded in approximately one third of the country, but was resisted in the rest, including most major cities such as Madrid, Barcelona & Valencia. Republicans were supported by the international Communists, ComIntern, Soviet Union, Mexico, foreign volunteers – 450,000 infantry, 350 aircraft, 200 tanks; 175,000 killed in action. Fascists were supported by Italy, Portugal, Germany, & foreign volunteers – 600,000 infantry, 600 aircraft, 290 tanks; 110,000 killed in action. [For details of the Civil War, see Guadalajara, Madrid, & Spain] Rebel Franco’s Fascist forces defeated the elected Republican Govt.’s armies since his forces were generously supplied by Nazi Germany & Fascist Italy with armed troops, tankettes, & air-power (the most horrendous act of which was the first-ever carpet-bombing of civilian population by German Junkers (latest fighter-bombers), an event immortalised by Picasso). The Republican armies were supported only by armed troops of Soviet Union (while Democratic America, France, England, Ireland, & other European countries, merely looked on), & the rag-tag private Brigades of volunteers from America, France, England & Ireland. On 1 April 1939, Spain’s Catholic Church anointed Franco. Under the Franco regime Spain suffered international isolation, although in varying degrees. For the political & emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict between—depending on their point of view—tyranny & democracy, or fascism & freedom, or communism & civilization. For Germany & Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank & air warfare. For Britain & France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. The war also had mobilized many artists & intellectuals to take up arms. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Man’s Hope (1938) by André Malraux, The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwell’s memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica (1937); & Robert Capa’s photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). [Based Ency. Britannica; Images of Revolution & War by Alexander Vergara, etc.]
... federal basis. A Franco-German union is an essential element in it, and the French Government has decided to act to this end.... Obstacles accumulated from the. past make it impossible to achieve immediately the close association which the French Government has taken as its aim. But already the establishment of common bases for economic development must be the first stage in building Franco-German union... situation was tangled. What we had to do was find a thread to pull so as to unravel some of the knots and gradually sort everything out. But where was that thread to be found ? In the confused state of Franco-German relations, the neurosis of the vanquished seemed to be shifting to the victor: France was beginning to feel inferior again as she realized that attempts to limit Germany's dynamism were bound... right place to make the proposal I had in mind, which itself would obviate the need for such talks among the three occupying powers. To achieve that result, a totally new situation must be created: the Franco-German problem must become a European problem. I wrote: At the present moment, Europe can be brought to birth only by France. Only France is in a position to speak and act. To my mind, this ...
... 9 JULY 1940 PURANI: The German troops are being concentrated on Franco-Spanish frontier. Hitler wants to march through Spain to Gibraltar. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, that may be his intention. I don't see then how the British can hold out against him. NIRODBARAN: Is Hitler working in collaboration with Franco? SRI AUROBINDO: Of course. NIRODBARAN: Then Portugal also would be left ...
... on the Franco-Spanish frontier. SRI AUROBINDO: Why? PURANI: Perhaps he wants to take Gibraltar with Franco's help. SRI AUROBINDO: Then it will be very difficult for the British to hold it. Gibraltar is only a rock and, besides, Spain has got Tangier on the other side. NIRODBARAN: They shouldn't have allowed Spain to get that. SRI AUROBINDO: Then they shouldn't have allowed Franco to win... win at all. If they had helped the Republican party, Franco would have been defeated. All this has been due to Chamberlain. PURANI: Lloyd George also asked for help to the Republicans at that time. NIRODBARAN: And they would have had Russia as their ally and she would have been more trustful of them. Now to take Gibralter may well be Hitler's next move. SRI AUROBINDO: Most probably. PURANI: ...
... that suddenly I saw a trap. I saw myself caught in a trap. I thought, "What! You're going to end up as a fat millionaire owning mica mines? And then making little Brazilians, or Franco-Brazilians, who will make little Franco-Brazilians?..." I just couldn't bear it. Page 44 Towarnicki: Most people would envy you! But why envy? People have the fate they choose.... And the fate ...
... g, even by coercion, a uniform Ottoman culture and Ottoman nationality. 1 Belgium, composed almost equally of Teutonic Flemings and Gallic Walloons, grew into a nationality under the aegis of a Franco-Belgian culture with French as the dominant language; the Fleming movement which should logically have contented itself with equal rights for the two languages, aimed really at a reversal of the whole ...
... and beat down the democratic Government of the country is a striking example of a tendency likely to increase in the future. Since then there has been the interference in an opposite sense with the Franco regime in the same country and the pressure put upon it, however incomplete and wavering, to change its method and principle. × ...
... Now Hitler's moves are quite clear. He will try to move towards the Mediterranean, taking possession of the Suez and then Egypt with a simultaneous movement into Spain for Gibraltar with the help of Franco if willing or, if unwilling, without his help and by replacing him with Sumer. That is why he has probably asked Sumer to wait. After Egypt, he will try to take North Africa with Pétain's consent. ...
... England will do. As I said, she may leave France in the lurch. Blum and Daladier made the worst possible blunders, the one by his non-intervention policy in Spain, the other by betraying the Czechs. Franco' s victory is most dangerous for France. PURANI: But when the two dictators stand together, why is it not possible for England and France to do the same? SRI AUROBINDO: The dictators know their ...
... possible but in case of war France should not count on England. This piece of information must be authentic, coming as it does from Daladier's own friend. PURANI: I wonder why Flandin wants to support Franco when Blum is against him. You know Flandin even telegraphed to Mussolini his congratulations, etc. Hitler counts on him as a friend. Does Flandin want to join the Rome-Berlin Axis and thus keep England ...
... AUROBINDO: Obviously! PURANI: It seems Spain is being persuaded to join the war and allow German troops to pass through Spain to attack Gibraltar. SRI AUROBINDO: Indo-China's example? PURANI: But Franco doesn't seem anxious to join the war. He has to reckon with the blockade too. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. The Monarchists also don't want Fascism in Spain. It is not the Republicans alone but Franco's own ...
... industrialization tore apart the balance between city and country. Uprooted people flocked into the towns. Industrial society created new working proletarian masses who stormed the barricades. The Franco-Prussian war in 1870 was followed by the Siege of Paris in which 36,000 people died of famine. On its heels came the Commune Uprisings of 1871, during which 30,000 people were executed. By this ...
... met Sri Aurobindo and in September 1947 Maurice Schumann, a representative of the French government, and Monsieur Baron, the Governor of French India, spoke with Sri Aurobindo about a proposed Franco-Indian cultural institution they hoped to set up under the directorship of Sri Aurobindo. On 20 December 1948 Dr. C. R. Reddy of the Andhra University presented the University's National ...
... had their friendship, the entente cordiale, 'Dilemma' ? Well... see for yourself. Here are some documents. In point of fact, as soon as the freedom movement began in British India, the Franco-Indian government followed it with a watchful eye. After all, Chandernagore was but a stone's throw from Calcutta, which was then the hub of Nationalist movement triggered by the partition of Bengal ...
... and library. A section has been founded at Karikal and others are likely to be opened at Yanaon and Mahe. Page 459 An Indo-French Committee in Paris An Indo-French Committee (Comité Franco-Hindou) has been founded in Paris and M. Pierre Loti has been invited to become its Honorary President. The Committee proposes to develop intellectual, scientific, artistic and economic relations between ...
... rally together for a last decisive contest with France. And in this contest the essential objective of the German nation will be fought for. Only then will it be possible to put an end to the eternal Franco-German conflict which has hitherto proved sterile.” 271 In the evaluation of Hitler’s actions, the war in Western Europe is nowadays often looked down upon as of secondary importance in comparison ...
... pure spontaneous action which must be its definite base In dream perfect continuous & coherent lipi.. Reading of a sort of Akashic record of 20 lines in the nervous world relative to the last Franco-German war. 31 December 1914 Rupa in the afternoon developed a greater freedom of images on the background, including almost all varieties of form & combination in the crude. There was ...
... or else one group of nations felt itself either unable to proceed farther by pacific means or threatened with the definite limitation of its expansion by the growing combination of its rivals. The Franco-German was the last great war dictated by political motives. Since then the political motive has been mainly a cover for the commercial. Not the political subjugation of Serbia which could only be ...
... figure as their enemy or opponent. Certain things in their attitude may seem doubtful but he does not want them too much stressed at present unless it becomes very necessary to do so. About your Franco-India article, the main objection is that Mother does not want herself to be represented in that way (or in any way) and she objects to figuring in any special way as a representative of France or ...
... he had stated: "Nobody here (Ashram) is for the continuation of French rule in India." On 22 June, before publishing the statement, Sethna wrote to Nolini asking for Sri Aurobindo's views on Franco-Indian culture and on "the Contravention question". He concluded: "The statement on behalf of the Ashram by your honourable spokesman self will be featured on top of page 12 in the next issue." On ...
... minister of External Affairs who had come to Pondicherry in September 1947, drawn there by Baron (at the time governor of Pondicherry). Schumann met Mother and Sri Aurobindo and proposed the creation of a Franco-Indian cultural institute under Sri Aurobindo's direction. × The Consul of France at Pondicherry ...
... helping out in the cause of the Divine some of our receded powers and from the standpoint of accomplishing as widely as we can the mission of mysticism that is India's, it is desirable to promote a Franco-Indian culture. ¹. A treatment, at some length, of the resemblances and the differences between Teilhard de Chardin and Sri Aurobindo and of the validity as well as the error of putting ...
... But, as I said, he is too old. Still he seems to have kept his intellectual powers intact, considering that he has turned Spain from an enemy into an ally. PURANI: Yes, he has great influence over Franco. NIRODBARAN: Dilip has become a convert to the Supermind. ( Sri Aurobindo made an expression of pretended surprise .) Yes, he says only the Supermind can save humanity. If he has mocked at the Supermind ...
... lorries. SRI AUROBINDO: One thousand guns and other material. SATYENDRA (after a while): Is there no news about the invasion of Portugal? SRI AUROBINDO: No. It must have been a false rumour. Franco doesn't seem to intend to claim Gibraltar. He won't as long as the English navy is supreme. The Spaniards are only taking a promenade with one aeroplane and leaving a few bombs as mementos. NIRODBARAN: ...
... SRI AUROBINDO: Oh! NIRODBARAN: We will be quite satisfied with that. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, we are not vindictive. Is that the war contribution from Peshawar? SATYENDRA: Yes. NIRODBARAN: Franco has declared his rights over Gibraltar. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, this is the first time he has spoken about it publicly. (Then addressing Purani) You have seen some Japanese commercial man's proposal ...
... happened at the Brenner Pass. They must have decided to spread out to the Balkans and then to the east to Egypt, and on this line bring France and Spain into the war. Sumer's visit and Hitler's visit to Franco must be to induce Spain. There must be an Italian brain behind this scheme. Hitler moves to the front with one objective at a time. This sort of combination is not usual for him. It must be Mussolini's ...
... it seems. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, that was one good side of his character. NIRODBAKAN: Has Paris been taken any time before? SRI AUROBINDO: Oh yes, during Napoleon's time and then during the Franco-Prussian war. PURANI: The difficulty is that Paris is very near the frontier, just as Madras to Pondicherry. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, but each yard of fighting costs a tremendous loss. This war is ...
... Congress I got down at Nagpur and had to give a lecture in the theatre there and I saw Moropant sitting there on one of the front benches gaping at me !" 24-10-1925 There was talk about the Franco-Riff war, – about the retreat of the French and Spanish armies. Disciple : Reuter's agency has given the message. Sri Aurobindo : Do you believe Reuter's is an infallible agency ? Then ...
... of colour on her face due to death! How hard they worked and how prolific was their output may be gauged from the following fact. Pissaroo had to flee from the village in France to England when the Franco-Prus- Page 54 sian war was declared. He could not take his paintings with him. The Prussian soldiers occupied the house and used it as a butchery and his paintings as door-mats ...
... against the Government of India. Which means that it will be the "big business," with the blessing of both the Government and the Ashram. B.T. [The "Turban"] is precisely in Paris for the big Franco-Indian trade fair. (...) Of course, I don't know the details of this "takeover" — perhaps I am mistaken and there will not be all these "representatives," but the Government will be there and ...
... caught". 28 It was but the simulacrum of peace that Munich won for Europe and the world, for the Axis Powers Hitler and Mussolini - were on the rampage still. Their open help to General Franco in the Spanish Civil War had sustained him for long; they recognised his regime on 27 February 1939, and the civil war itself ended in his favour on 1 April. In the meantime, Hitler's and ...
... and another in Spain, Portugal and other countries, I suppose. They won't have any armies. Hitler alone will have an army. SRI AUROBINDO: Of course, small nations won't be able to resist, except Franco's Spain, and she can have some weight and Turkey too can resist. NIRODBARAN: Italy's claims, as we see from the published terms of the armistice signed with her, seem to be mild. No territorial claims ...
... : 'I am not a Collector of deserts' Disciple : But Italy is sure to push her claims again. Disciple : Hitler has advised him to keep quiet now. Sri Aurobindo : Yes, till Franco's victory is complete. Disciple : Bonnet wanted to come to a compromise. Sri Aurobindo : Bonnet is not reliable. Daladier has, at least some force. On one occasion he refused to listen ...
... 1940-contd Talks with Sri Aurobindo 3 JUNE 1940 PURANI: Franco's representative seems to have met Mussolini and then gone to meet Hitler. SRI AUROBINDO: Who is he? PURANI: I forget his name—some general. Military circles say that after seeing the Dunkirk operation they are convinced that the navy is still superior to the air force. The German air ...
... like "Don Quixote de la Mancha"? And I must admit that Spanish names have a very satisfying emotional effect. Some years ago I came across the name of a contemporary Spanish writer, an exile from Franco's Spain who had settled to a professorship at Oxford: Salvador de Madariaga. As soon as I found this name I felt it could not be bettered as an ejaculation in moments of annoyance or anger. I needed ...
... which is much easier, how can he guide me internally? Oh Lord! what a question! To guide internally is a million times easier than to guide externally. Let us suppose I want General Miaja to beat Franco's fellows back at Guadalajara (please pronounce properly), I put the right force on him and he wakes up and, with his military knowledge and capacity, does the right thing and it's done. But if I, having ...
... medico, wherefrom will the medico come to him within? Oh Lord! what a question! To guide internally is a million times easier than to guide externally. Let us suppose I want General Miaja to beat Franco's fellows back at Guadalajara (please pronounce properly), I put the right force on him and he wakes up and, with his military knowledge and capacity, does the right thing and it's done. But if I, having ...
Share your feedback. Help us improve. Or ask a question.