Rousseau : Jean-Jacques (1712-78), his treatises & novels inspired leaders of the French Revolution & Romantic generation: Kant, Goethe, Robespierre, Pestalozzi, & Tolstoy were his disciples.
... partly from Rousseau, and it is said that Napoleon ascribed the French Revolution more to Rousseau than to any other writer. Not least significant, education still feels repercussions from Emile. The book's educational ideas stimulated Pestalozzi in Switzerland, Maria Montessori in Italy, and John Dewey in America; "progressive education " is part of Rousseau s legacy. 1. Rousseau, op cit.,p... Thus Will and Ariel Durant open volume 10, Rousseau and Revolution, of the Story of Civilization. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in 1712. His family was of French origin. The father was a master watchmaker, imaginative and unstable; the mother died within a week of Jean-Jacques 'birth. When he was ten his 1. Will Durant, "Rousseau and Revolution" in The Story of Civilization... perhaps out of gratitude, 1. Ibid, p. 11. 2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Confessions (Hannondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 311. Page 234 Rousseau legalized their bond with marriage. In 1749 Diderot was imprisoned for offensive passages in some of his writings: Walking the ten miles from Paris, Rousseau often went to visit him in prison. On one of those visits he took ...
... the highly inspired receiving of a "mission" and the unes-capable sense of it ever after. What happened to Rousseau and the significance of the . happening are in their fundamental form a seed-gleam of English Romanticism at its intensest. This significance, as developed by Rousseau himself and as it took shape in the movement he started, was something much less profound though extremely powerful... psychological plane of the. second Romantic phase: the complex modern mind of intellectual and imaginative curiosity - the contribution of "dreamers of daring tales" - the seminal significance of Rousseau Looking at certain elements of the Renascence Romanticism - the curious, the audacious, the subtly sweet, the drive towards the intimately inward and strangely symbolic or at least allegoric... which forms a hasty transition from the Renascence and its after-fruits to the modernism of today which is already becoming the modernism of yester-day" - the literature which stretches in France from Rousseau and Chateaubriand to Hugo and takes on its way Goethe, Schiller and Heine in Germany and covers in England Burns and Byron and the five names that stand out in the annals of the second phase of R ...
... human race." * * * Page 69 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) He was born on June 28, 1712 in Geneva, Switzerland. His mother died shortly after his birth. When Rousseau was 10 his father fled from Geneva to avoid imprisonment for a minor offense, leaving young Jean-Jacques to be raised by an aunt and uncle. Rousseau left Geneva at 16, wandering from place to place, finally... earlier work, Rousseau claimed that the state of nature is brutish condition without law or morality, and that there are good men only a result of society's presence. Man joins together with his fellow men to form the collective human presence known as "society." The Social Contract is the "compact" agreed to among men that sets the conditions for membership in society. Rousseau was one of... and stole according to his station, but everyone was charitable, and huts exceeded palaces in hospitality. Brutality and kindness were universal. Extracts from The Story of Civilization — Rousseau and Revolution by Will and Ariel Durant. Simon & Schuster, New York Page 66 A few great personalities of the 18th century in the time of Catherine II ...
... found not a well-ordered world but fantasy, conflict, mystery, aspiration, a sense of "things not easily expressible". It was with this in-look that Rousseau gave birth to modern Romanticism. And it was the same in-look that, piercing farther than Rousseau, unsealed on a sudden the springs of a Splendour that nourished for the first time the poetic mind of Europe - "except," as Sri Aurobindo 8 adds,... and luxurious, pleasant to all the senses and good to rest in". Rousseau not only moved away from human crowds, saying that he would rather be among the Page 113 arrows of the Parthians than among the glances of men; he also sought out wild places, places untouched and untrimmed by men, tameless solitudes. Before Rousseau and the Romantics, such solitudes were shunned. The region which... As e'er beneath a waning moon was haunted By woman wailing for her demon lover. We may recall that a strong trait of the Rousseauistic mind was its love of solitude. But by solitude Rousseau did not mean a cottage in the country. He made this pretty clear again and again. "Never has a land of plains, however beautiful it may be, seemed beautiful to my eyes," he once wrote, bringing, as ...
... deprived of political rights.) Pestalozzi was very much impressed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose book Emile had appeared in 1762. Rousseau's concept of "natural education", his deep aversion for book-learning, his idea that a child grows up through definite stages, had a deep influence on him. In the preface to Emile, Rousseau writes: We do not know children: with the false ideas we have of them... the school class which I had attended with that which Rousseau claimed and demanded for his Emile. Home education as well as public education everywhere and in all classes of society appeared to me to be exactly like a crippled figure which would be able to find a cure for the wretchedness of its existing condition in the fine ideas of Rousseau, and that it was there that it should seek this cure.... definitions are useful and can be reconciled. Pestalozzi was the first to acknowledge the heritage he had received from Page 275 Rousseau — the man who had been "the turning point between the old and the new worlds of education". It was Rousseau who had condemned contemporary educational methods as "unnatural": Powerfully gripped by all-powerful nature, realizing as no other the separation ...
... in his youth. Wordsworth learned his lesson in Romanticism not in England but in France. He was there just after the outbreak of the Revolution and had already tasted the intoxicating doctrines of Rousseau, the father of Modern Romanticism, both French and English. Wordsworth would even have been guillotined and lost his head if he had not taken it away from France in the nick of time. But, though he... mixed up Romanticism with Romance. Some years ago it was discovered that the Archbishop-like Wordsworth of old age had in his youth a love-affair with a French girl named Annette Vallon and, just as Rousseau was the father of Anglo-French Romanticism, Wordsworth the Romanticist was the father of an Anglo-French baby. I hasten to add that to my mind this love-affair had no significant bearing on either... him. Haiti, also known as Santo Domingo, was a French possession in the West Indies. The influx of the new ideas about liberty, whose fount was the work of Voltaire and the Encyclopaedists and Rousseau, was as much French as was the actual sovereignty that denied liberty to this colony of Negroes. So at the spur of French ideas Toussaint led an insurrection against the French. This re-minds us of ...
... much with Ellis himself - Rousseau's. Rousseau was indeed the more dynamic genius and also the more talented artist, and surely he was a more significant figure too in the history of the human mind: according to Ellis, he was the most significant influence in the West after Jesus. I therefore dare say it would be demanding too much of Ellis to ask him to act Rousseau. But he was no mean moulder of the ...
... of an intellectual or a sensuous realism and a sentimental or a psychological mysticism, the two strands sometimes separate, sometimes mingled, among the Latins the like commencement in the work of Rousseau, Chateaubriand, Chénier, Hugo, the intermediate artistic development of most of the main influences by the Parnassians, the like later turn towards the poetry of Mallarmé, Verlaine, D'Annunzio, s... intellectual or an ideal transcendentalism, are the salient constituting characters. They make up that brilliant and confusedly complex, but often crude and unfinished literature, stretching from Rousseau and Chateaubriand to Hugo and taking on its way Goethe, Schiller and Heine, Wordsworth, Byron, Keats and Shelley, which forms a hasty transition from the Renascence and its after-fruits to the modernism ...
... forced him to leave the early security of his cave in order to build up his enormous palace of Civilisation. This again is what is behind his dream of moving earth and sky. Do you want, like Gandhi, Rousseau or Tolstoy, to return to that early state of Nature? "Of course, the west has always tried to conquer the world around while Asia, particularly India, has sought to master the worlds within. And... manage to take off the lid you will find knowledge pouring down in a shower of golden light. You follow? "Speaking of golden light reminds me of something that once happened to the French author, Rousseau. One day he Page 60 was going to visit his friend Diderot who was in prison. He had in his pocket a journal in which a question had been set for discussion. Taking it out, he glanced at ...
... a country by firing men with social hope and patriotic faith, and the good done is well worth having even at the price of much harm and ruin. M. Taine gives the same explanation of the success of Rousseau and Voltaire in influencing the minds of the French people, though there were Montesquieu with a sort of historic method, Turgot and the school of the economists and, what is more, seventy thousand ...
... impending promotion of John Morley, the philosopher, to the House of Lords is one of the crimes of present day Page 1041 politics. The Radical philosopher, the biographer of Voltaire and Rousseau, the admired bookman of heterodoxy, is to end his days in that privileged preserve of all that is antiquated, anomalous, conservative and unprogressive, that standing negation of democratic principles ...
... Schubert and Schumann, who even today delight so many hearts with an art incomparably refined, profound and sublime. The Age of Reason, especially in its French representatives, the philosophes Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, d’Alembert, d’Holbach, de la Mettrie, and others, dominated the European scene, making French the common language of the nobility, the intellectuals and the international relations ...
... have also, among other illustrations, spoken of Wordsworth, his days of studentship, how he sought the company of nature and communion with nature to learn from her. We have then taken a text from Rousseau which speaks of "holding the hand of the pupil", and texts from Helen Keller about the relations between Sullivan her teacher and pupil Helen herself. We have also taken texts from Montessori and ...
... - Vol. 1 On Social Reconstruction I IT is one of the great errors of the human mind to take equality as identical with uniformity. When Rousseau started the revolutionary slogan "Men are born equal", men were carried away in the vehemence of the new spirit and thought that there was absolutely no difference between man and man, all difference ...
... sounded by Voltaire who symbolised the mind's destructive criticism of itself, the same which Anatole France in France and Shaw in England have continued in our days almost to a successful issue. Rousseau brought in the positive element that determined the new poise of humanity. It was the advent of the heart, the coming in of the Romantic-the man of sentiment and sensibility. * But life had not yet ...
... Romains, Jules, 69, 360 -Vie Unanime, 360 Romanticism, 212 Romantic Revival, the, 207, 212 Rome, 16, 25, 72, 119, 206, 238-9, 245 Rossetti, 151 Rousseau, 113, 145 Roy, D. L., 192 Rumi 280 Russell, Bertrand, 140, 317, 326-7 Russia... 81, 91, 104, 106, 125, 207 Russian Revolution, 101, 207 SANKHYA(S) ...
... Rabindranath Tagore, radical experiments in integral education conducted in the light of Sri Aurobindo, as also pioneering experiments conducted in different parts of the world under the inspiration of Rousseau, Montessori, Pestalozzi, Bertrand Russell, Paulo Freire and others. It can be seen that the central knot of the problem that confronts child-centered education consists of the intertwining of ...
... Shraddha as a necessary foundation for the acceptance of Page 120 Shastra. The question is, why do we accept law? We are aware of the answer given by Western thinkers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau through their varying formulations of the Social Contract Theory. It is the contract, they say, which is the basis of allegiance of man to law. But we can ask a deeper question. Even if we concede ...
... -"Et Les lIes Feront Silence", 208-9n Rochefoucau1d, 108 Roerich, Nicholas, 150-3 Romains, Jules, 186 Romanticism, 87-8 Romantics, the, 87, 186 Rome, 117 Romeo, 176 Rousseau, 186, 274 -The Social Contract, 274 Rudra(s), 28, 30, 56,339 Rudriyas, 31 Russell, Bertrand, 114 Russia, 253, 294, 298 Ruysbroeck, 114 SADHYAS,28-9 Sainte Beuve, 62 ...
... in its natural, unsophisticated state shares in that rhythm and harmony and forms part of it. That is perhaps the stage of happy innocence of which many of the first great Romantics dreamed, e.g., Rousseau and Wordsworth. Viewed as such, placed as a natural phenomenon in the midst of Nature, in its totality, mankind still appears as a harmonious entity fitting into a harmonious whole. But that is a ...
... Infinite. The highest spiritual injunction is that God only existed and man has to annul his existence in Him. The great mantra of individual liberty, in the social and political domain, was given by Rousseau in that famous opening line of his famous book, The Social Contract, almost the Bible of an age; Man is born free. And the first considerable mass rising seeking to vindicate and realise that ideal ...
... hearts of people and new attitudes required for living together through cooperation and through the processes of mutuality and interdependence. Thanks to the pioneering educational philosophers like Rousseau, Montessori, Pestalozzi, Bertrand Russell, Paulo Freire, and Piaget, it is Page 303 now being increasingly recognised that education must be a bringing out of the child's own intellectual ...
... Towards A New Society ON SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION I It is one of the great errors of the human mind to take equality as identical with uniformity. When Rousseau started the revolutionary slogan "Men are born equal", men were carried away in the vehemence of the new spirit and thought that there was absolutely no difference between man and man, all difference ...
... to keep nature distinct from human nature and forgot that the latter was complicated by the presence of that fallible reason, of which conventions are the natural children. Thus men of genius like Rousseau reverted to the savage for a model and gave weight to the paradox that civilization is a mistake. Let us not forget that it is useless to look for unalloyed nature in the savage, so long as we cannot ...
... and the influence of the thinker in the development of human institutions. The French Revolution, it is thought, would have happened just as it did and when it did, by economic necessity, even if Rousseau and Voltaire had never written and the eighteenth-century philosophic movement in the world of thought had never worked out its bold and radical speculations. Recently, however, the all-sufficiency ...
... limit-breaking imperious ocean, thrust up the rugged and monstrous mountain, pushed the savage and shadow-haunted forest into the well-measured, shapely, lucid domain of French literature. Before him Rousseau had brought the essential energy of Romanticism, but Hugo swelled and solidified and spread it in all directions. On the other side, he touched with pleasure the ordinary things of life on which the ...
... faculties. The news of the world's life poured in on us through the foreign telegrams & papers, we read English books, we talked about economics and politics, science & history, enlightenment & education, Rousseau, Mill, Bentham, Burke, and used the language of a life that was not ours, in the vain belief that so we became cosmopolitans and men of enlightenment. Page 1101 Yet all the time India ...
... still possible to appreciate the working of an idea against all obstacles through many centuries; we can comprehend now, for instance, that we must seek the beginnings of the French Revolution, not in Rousseau or Mirabeau or the blundering of Louis XVI, but in movements which date back to the Capet and the Valois, while the precise fact which prepared its tremendous outbreak and victory and determined its ...
... best way of learning. Among the most notable western thinkers on education in the modern period, the philosopher who has strongly emphasized the importance of the natural mode of education is Rousseau. In his book Emile (1762) he argues that the best form of education is what comes us from the nature within and around us. The learner morally develops from within, from innate seed, provided, of ...
... more seriously than ever as to why I had that vision. Yes, since the time I had studied the story of the French Revolution, I was looking for the real spirit behind that Revolution. I had studied Rousseau and Voltaire; I had studied also Mirabeau, Robespierre and several other leaders of that great epoch. And then, suddenly, when I began to study Danton and his speeches, I felt that I had discovered ...
... the pedagogical enthusiasm of Ivan Betsky, who had traveled in Sweden, Germany, Holland, Italy, and France, had frequented the salon of Mme. Geoffrin, had studied the Encyclopedic, and had met Rousseau. In 1763 she organized at Moscow a school for foundlings, which by 1796 had graduated forty thousand students; in 1764 a school for boys was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1765 a school for ...
... proceedings which were very stimulating, he wondered why the educational situation has deteriorated particularly over the past 50 years. He referred to the great thinkers like Socrates, Plato, Diogenes, Rousseau, Bernard Shaw, Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo. He said that in spite of the great agreement among these thinkers, he wondered why their great ideas had not got implemented ...
... pooled together and the conceptions behind their experiments need to be developed further; they also need to be synthesized with pioneering experiments conducted in the West under the influence of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Montessori, Russell and Paulo Freire. Fortunately, these western educationists discovered and underlined one great need which Indian culture at its highest, right from the earliest Veda ...
... his feelings and his body. Similarly the adult man has not become an adult simply by reaching a certain age, but only by faithfully satisfying the requirements of his childhood, boyhood and youth." "Rousseau has ascribed all the defects of body and mind in pupils to the 'desire to make men of them before their time'." According to Montessori, these various stages through which the developing child ...
... love against the marriage of convenience, of Nature against civilization, of youth against authority, of the individual man against the social order and the state. We have seen how Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a great inspirer of this movement; his books provoked radical changes in education, politics and art. The nineteenth century saw the birth of a group of poets whose body of work was so astounding ...
... Eleanor 49 R Rakshasas 5 Ramayana 103 Ramprasad 78 Rex Warner 47 Rishi 12 Rishi, Vedic 8, 16, 33, 34, 37, 72, 79, 82, 93 Rishi Kushika 50 Romeo 25 Rousseau 39 S Sacrifice, Vedic I Sadhu 97 Sanskrit 32 Sat-chit-Ananda — (Satya-Tapas-Jnana) 14 Satan 16 Semele 34 Shakespeare 16, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 101 ...
... its natural, unsophisticated state shares in that rhythm and harmony and forms part of it. That is perhaps the stage of happy innocence of which many of the first great Romantics dreamed, e.g., Rousseau and Wordsworth. Viewed as such, placed as a natural phenomenon in the midst of Nature, in its totality, mankind still appears as a harmonious entity fitting into a harmonious whole. But that is ...
... IV Sri Aurobindo's Integral Education Dissatisfaction with the conventional education of the time may be traced back to Jean Jacques Rousseau; it was expressed forcefully later by Tolstoy. But a clear awareness of the true needs of education dawned really with this century. In the U.S.A., Dewey wrote: The child is the ...
... with the body : He holds that the world has to become fit to receive the truth. Sri Aurobindo : That is true. His autobiography will be a classical book in a line with the confessions of Rousseau and St. Augustine. But the question is whether his ideal is the Truth. That is to say, we must know whether we are on the right path when we advocate an ethical solution as final. Page 195 ...
... p. 594. . Page 234 Those deeper layers render Sri Aurobindo's line more effective art than Shelley's memorable words put into the mouth of Rousseau's ghost in his Triumph of Life: Before thy memory, I feared, loved, hated, suffered, did and died.²³ The insufficiency of the mere reason as compared either to the inner soul's ...
... strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Those deeper layers render Sri Aurobindo's line more effective art also than Shelley's memorable words put into the mouth of Rousseau's ghost in his Triumph of Life: Before thy memory, I feared, loved, hated, suffered, did and died. The insufficiency of the mere Reason as compared either to the inner soul's moved ...
... strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Page 66 Those deeper layers render Sri Aurobindo's line more effective art also than Shelley's memorable words put into the mouth of Rousseau's ghost in his Triumph of Life: Before thy memory, I feared, loved, hated, suffered, did and died. The insufficiency of the mere Reason as compared either to the inner soul's moved ...
... strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Those deeper layers render Sri Aurobindo's line more effective art also than Shelley's memorable words put into the mouth of Rousseau's ghost in his Triumph of Life: Before thy memory, I feared, loved, hated, suffered, did and died. The insufficiency of the mere Reason as compared either to the inner soul's ...
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