Spain : In 1516, Habsburg dynasty unified a number of disparate predecessor kingdoms & expanded their empire to the Americas. The Spanish Empire was also involved in all major European wars, including the Italian Wars, the Eighty Years’ War, the Thirty Years’ War, & the Franco-Spanish War, but instability set in with the French Revolution & the Peninsular War. In early 1873, a government of radicals & Republicans was formed that declared Spain a republic, which was immediately under siege from all quarters: there were calls for socialist revolution from the International Workingmen’s Association, revolts & unrest in the autonomous regions of Navarre & Catalonia, & pressure from the Catholic Church against the fledgling republic. On 28 December 1874, the son of Bourbon Queen Isabella II was crowned as Alfonso XII of Spain. He rapidly gained the support of most of his countrymen, established a system of turnos in which the liberals & the conservatives alternated in control of the government. Constitutional monarchy continued under King Alfonso XIII whose reign (1886–1931) saw the Spanish–American War of 1898, culminating in the loss of the Philippines plus Spain’s last colonies in the Americas, Cuba & Puerto Rico. His reign also saw the rise of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who ruled as a dictator with Alfonso’s support for seven years (1923–30). In 1931 Republican & anticlerical candidates won the majority of votes; Alfonso left the country in response to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, but did not abdicate. Political ideologies were intensely polarized. The central issue was the role of the Catholic Church, which the left saw as the major enemy of modernity & the Spanish people, & the right saw as the invaluable protector of Spanish values. The Republic allowed women to vote in general elections for the first time, & devolved substantial autonomy to the Basque Country & to Catalonia. Complex coalitions formed & fell apart. The first governments of the Republic were centre-left, but substantial debt, & fractious, rapidly changing governing coalitions led to escalating political violence & attempted coups by right & left. In 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA), based on the Catholic vote, formed the government. An armed rising of workers in October 1934, which reached its greatest intensity in Asturias & Catalonia, was forcefully put down. This in turn energized political movements across the spectrum in Spain, including a revived anarchist movement & new reactionary & fascist groups, including the Phalange & a revived Carlist movement. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict & a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by the fascist General Francisco Franco (q.v.). A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left & opposed by the parties of the right & what remained of the centre. On one side were the Fascists – mostly Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, & many businessmen; on the other, the Republicans – mainly urban workers, most agricultural labourers, & many of the educated middle class. Politically, their differences often found extreme & vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange & the militant anarchists. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism & conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of Stalin & his arch-rival, Trotsky. The outcome was a polarization of Spanish life & politics that had developed over previous decades. On 17th July, 1936, Franco led a military revolt against the elected Popular Front or Republican Govt. The outcome was a devastating civil war (see Franco, Guadalajara, & Madrid) that ended on 30th March 1939 when the Fascists defeated the Republicans. On 1 April 1939, Spain’s Catholic Church anointed Franco. The Spanish Civil War proved a prelude to the far more ruinous Second World War (1939-45). But when Hitler sought financial or military aid from Franco, devastated Spain was in no position to provide either, all Franco could do was sponsor a small army of volunteers known as La División Azul. After Franco’s death in 1975, Spain returned to Bourbon constitutional monarchy headed by Prince Juan Carlos & to democracy; it entered the European Economic Community in 1986 & the Eurozone in 1999. The financial crisis of 2007-08 ended a decade of economic boom & Spain entered a recession & debt crisis & remains plagued by very high unemployment & a weak economy. Although is a part of the G6 is not part of the G8 & participates in the G20 only as a guest. [Based on article by Editors Ency. Britannica (July2017); Images of Revolution & War by Alexander Vergara, & other sources]
... (1891-1915) Collected Plays and Stories The Maid in the Mill or Love Shuffles the Cards A Comedy Dramatis Personae CUPID. ATE. KING PHILIP OF SPAIN. COUNT BELTRAN - a nobleman. ANTONIO - his son. BASIL - his nephew. COUNT CONRAD - a young nobleman. RONCEDAS, GUZMAN - courtiers. THE FARMER. JACINTO - his son. JERONIMO - a... My eyes have not perused, my heart stored up. But what with foreign boyhood, strange extraction, And hardly reaching with turmoil to power I am a stranger merely. I have swept Through beautiful Spain more like a wind than man, Now fugitive, now blown into my right On a great whirlwind of success. So tell me, Have you not many lovely things to live with? BELTRAN My son would answer better... wait on me Nor disillusionize by close observance But keep as to an equal courtesy. MAJORDOMO Your Majesty— KING PHILIP Well, sir, Your Ancient Wisdom— MAJORDOMO The Kings of Spain— Page 795 KING PHILIP Are absolute, you'ld say, Over men only? Custom masters kings. I'll not be ruled by your stale ceremonies As kings are by an arrogating Senate, But will control ...
... place there develops a new civilization, or a special progress in a civilization, or a kind of effervescence, a blossoming, a flowering of beauty, like in the great ages in Greece, Egypt, India, Italy, Spain …’ 9 There is little doubt that the Impressionists were such a group. One finds this indirectly confirmed by a neutral witness like Jean-Paul Crespelle, who writes: ‘One of the aspects of the life... portrait is now at the National Library in Paris. Then we find Mirra in Pau, a town in the south of France with a magnificent view of the Pyrenees, the mountain range that separates France from Spain. Henri had been invited there to paint a series of murals in the Church of Saint James the Great. He did four: The Vocation of James the Fisherman, Saint James Preaching to the Masses, The Martyrdom... of St James the Great was Santiago de Compostela, like Rome and Jerusalem the goal of a famous religious pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. Santiago de Compostella is a town near the northwest coast of Spain, and legend has it that the body of St James the Great, brother of St John the Evangelist and a major apostle of Christ, had arrived on that coast in a miraculous way. Many thousands of pilgrims still ...
... opened at Baghdad in 794. The craft was then brought by the Arabs to Sicily and Spain (950), and thence passed into Italy (1154) and France. The Arabs, so recently nomads or merchants, started to adapt art forms and traditions of the conquered countries, and soon a brilliant synthesis emerged, and from the Alhambra in Spain to the Taj Mahal in India, Islamic art developed a unique character and expressed... of Constantinople. No one in those years would have dreamed that within a century these nomads would conquer half of Byzantine Asia, all Persia and Egypt, most of North Africa and be on their way to Spain. The explosion of the Arabian peninsula into the conquest and conversion of half the Mediterranean world is the most extraordinary phenomenon in medieval history. Arabia is the largest of all ... will again be united. Stability and prosperity made it then possible for the Arabs to undertake further conquest. By 750, the Arab empire was extended from the frontiers of India to North Africa and Spain. At the same time, the old cultures of the conquered were eagerly absorbed by the quick-witted Arabs; (and the conquerors showed such tolerance that of the poets, scientists, and philosophers ...
... me, to the French aristocracy during the Revolution. In Spain also at present there is a movement against a certain class. SRI AUROBINDO: The comparison with France and Spain cannot be made. In France it was not against the aristocracy in particular that there was a revolt: the revolt was against the whole history of the past, and in Spain it is against the past repression by the Church. PURANI: ...
... clear now what happened at the Brenner Pass. They must have decided to spread out to the Balkans and then to the east to Egypt, and on this line bring France and Spain into the war. Sumer's visit and Hitler's visit to Franco must be to induce Spain. There must be an Italian brain behind this scheme. Hitler moves to the front with one objective at a time. This sort of combination is not usual for him. It... Laval is trying to bring about peace in France by some agreement with Hitler. Proposals seem to be to give Nice to Italy, put Tunis under France and Italy, cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, Morocco to Spain, Indo-China to Japan, surrender air and navy to the Axis and have France declare war against England. SATYENDRA: Will the French fight? PURANI: If they had wanted to fight they could as well have ...
... time. Disciple : The problem is of the Muslims. Sri Aurobindo : They also want independence; only they want" "Mohammedan independence". Disciple : Spain in Europe seems to be like India. But if France gets Spain it would be difficult for England. Sri Aurobindo : It will be worse for France; by the spring the intentions of the Axis powers will be known. Disciple :... wants to placate Italy; but England came in the way with "sanctions". They could not save Abyssinia and made an enemy of Mussolini. Disciple : The cry of Tunis was to divert the attention from Spain. Page 117 Sri Aurobindo : I don't think Blum's Socialist government is for non-intervention. The Socialists in France did nothing when they were in power. Disciple : ...
... ": Yes. Even now in some French Universities like Montpèlier, I hear, they admit the working of this vital force. They seem to have preserved the old tradition coming down from their contact with Spain; Spain got it from Asia when it came under the Arab influence. Disciple : The same theory may come back to us now. Sri Aurobindo : At one time the physical sciences claimed to explain... forces; it has even changed the course of human history. As an example, take the rise of the Arabs; a small uncivilized race, living in an arid desert, suddenly rises up and in fifty years spreads from Spain to Asia and completely changes the course of history. That is an inrush of forces. Disciple : There are thinkers – among them Shaw and Emerson – who believe that man has not made substantial ...
... PURANI: If Spain also joins then there will be a double menace. SRI AUROBINDO: Spain has sent a military mission—not any general. That does not necessarily mean anything; of course it may, but it need not. If Spain joins, it will be at the mercy of Germany and Italy if they win. And besides there are many discontented elements in Spain who are waiting for an opportunity to revolt. If Spain joins, they... not come in the way. SATYENDRA: If Spain also comes in, it will make it still worse for France. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, attack on three sides. NIRODBARAN: But Spain has not yet recovered. PURANI: Still, it can attack Gibraltar. The French, of course, can attack through the Pyrenees. SRI AUROBINDO: France would have enough to face before attacking Spain. No, Italy can take possession of Majorca... He would have come to a compromise but for Bose with his Forward Bloc and Nehru. PURANI: He wants England to be in a better position before he starts the civil disobedience. But with Italy and Spain coining in— SRI AUROBINDO: It will be much worse. By the way, have you seen that Nehru is prepared to shed his blood for the country against Hitler? SATYENDRA: He wants to be recruited. EVENING ...
... speedily end with the Turk not only in occupation of Thessaly but entering Athens. Spain and the Moor Another corner of the Asiatic world—for Northern Africa is thoroughly Asianised if not Asiatic,—is convulsed with struggles which may well precede another resurgence. There was a time when the Moor held Spain and gave civilisation to semi-barbarous Europe. The revolution of the wheel has now gone... bloody émeute in Spain King Alfonso's Government have landed a considerable army in Morocco and yet with all that force can only just protect their communications and stand facing the formidable country where the stubborn Kabyle tribesmen await the invader. There the army is hung up for the present, unwilling to retreat and afraid to advance, and the Spanish General has again sent to Spain for reinforcements... military strategy at which he seems to be exceptionally skilful. If the men of the mountains are fortunate enough to have a leader with a head on his shoulders, the circumstances augur a reverse for Spain as decisive and perhaps more sanguinary than the Italian overthrow in Abyssinia. Meanwhile King Alfonso has sacrificed all his youthful popularity by this ill-omened war and the bloody severity which ...
... NIRODBARAN: The papers say that Italy raised this Tunis Corsica cry to divert the attention of England and France from Spain. SRI AUROBINDO: What attention? What have they been doing for Spain? Nothing! Even Blum who is a socialist applied this policy of non-intervention in Spain during his premiership. Of course it is quite foolish for Italy to ask for Tunis or Corsica. No French politician can... it would be quite a job for other nations to conquer her. Look at Spain. The Spanish Government has no proper equipment and yet the civil war there is dragging on for years. It was different with the Abyssinians when the Italians attacked them. They were unorganised as well as poor in equipment. NIRODBARAN: If France gets Spain, it will be bad for England. SRI AUROBINDO: But worse for France ...
... Europe with a German barbarism whose temperament in its merits no less than in its defects was the very anti-type of the Christian spirit and the Graeco-Roman intellect. “The Islamic invasion of Spain and the southern coast of the Mediterranean – curious as the sole noteworthy example of Asiatic culture using the European method of material and political irruption as opposed to a peaceful invasion... European Union. One of its numerous problems is a search for identity by its member nations and peoples. What does France represent as such? And Germany? And Great Britain? And Italy? And Poland? And Spain? … What makes each nation different from the others? 23 And what makes Europe special in the concert of the continents? No doubt the golden thread running through the various phases of Europe’s ...
... world to the handful of disciples gathering every evening in his room. His assessment, as somewhat roughly noted down by Purani: ‘[When] I have tried to work in the world, results have been varied. In Spain I was splendidly successful [at that time]. General Miaca [i.e., Miaja, the defender of Madrid] was an admirable instrument to work on. The working of the Force depends on the instrument. [The] Basque... has always been an identification of the consciousness of this [her] body with all revolutionary movements. I have always known and guided them even before I heard of them: in Russia, in Italy, in Spain and elsewhere — always, everywhere. And it was always essentially that same Force which wants to hasten the coming of the future — always — but which has to adapt its means of action to the state in ...
... the help of French romance models and the work Page 65 of Italian masters; the Elizabethans start anew in dependence on Renaissance influences from France and Italy and a side wind from Spain; Milton goes direct to classical models; the Restoration and the eighteenth century take pliantly the pseudo-classical form from the contemporary French poets and critics. Still this dependence is only... waste of poetic virtue. The new light and impulse that set free the silence of the poetic spirit in England for its first abundant and sovereign utterance, came from the Renaissance in Italy and Spain and France. The Renaissance meant many things and it meant too different things in different countries, but one thing above all everywhere, the discovery of beauty and joy in every energy of life. The ...
... " He doesn't have the strength, obviously. No, he doesn't. But you know, he's really a victim: when he was seven, his mother sent him to a friars' convert in Spain... till the age of eighteen! Poor man! In Spain! You know, that inexorable Christianity... From seven to eighteen—it's dreadful! No, he's a very nice man, but vitally not strong enough. But if he lived in a convent ...
... got mixed with mental vibrations. I have received a line from P.L. Oh! He was about to leave for Spain to do an "opinion poll" about the Church reforms, and he just wrote me: "I have had a terrible experience, which, with Sweet Mother, ended happily. On my return from Spain I will tell you what happened." 1 Page 347 ( Then Mother listens to Satprem reading another ...
... wants to take Gibraltar with Franco's help. SRI AUROBINDO: Then it will be very difficult for the British to hold it. Gibraltar is only a rock and, besides, Spain has got Tangier on the other side. NIRODBARAN: They shouldn't have allowed Spain to get that. SRI AUROBINDO: Then they shouldn't have allowed Franco to win at all. If they had helped the Republican party, Franco would have been defeated ...
... the French. SRI AUROBINDO: He doesn't require pressure. He has always been pro-Axis. He is a phalangist. PURANI: The British have kept Spain neutral by offering joint control of Gibraltar after the war as well as now. SRI AUROBINDO: If Hitler gets Spain, it will be only one point controlled. EVENING The radio reported that Sri Aurobindo had contributed Rs. 500 to the Madras War Fund as ...
... England by itself can be defended, perhaps, but if these are lost then it will be dangerous for England. PURANI: If Spain doesn't come in then Gibraltar can be defended. SRI AUROBINDO: That is the whole point. NIRODBARAN: Now that England has regained her prestige, Spain may hesitate to join Germany. In Alexandria the French have joined De Gaulle, it seems. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. (Looking ...
... 1940-contd Talks with Sri Aurobindo 24 AUGUST 1940 PURANI: Spain is not very eager to join Italy and Germany, it seems. SRI AUROBINDO: No, this British resistance has removed many dangers. PURANI: Spain is getting financial help from Britain for reconstruction of her Government, and she must be afraid of a British blockade if she joins Hitler. ...
... Sri Aurobindo: Don't know. If Turkey waits till it is attacked, it will be too late. In that case, Hitler may turn towards Palestine and help Italy there, then move to Africa. Then he will ask Spain to join him so that the English army in Africa may be placed between the two forces. Q: Hitler's entry into Rumania seems the first step towards the Balkans. Sri Aurobindo: It is like all his... before Hitler's intention about the Balkans was known. Now his move is quite clear. He will try to move towards the Mediterranean, take possession of the Suez and then Egypt, a simultaneous movement in Spain for Gibraltar with the help of France or without. After Egypt, he will try to take North Africa with Pétain's consent. If Petain refuses, he may be replaced by Laval. If both refuse, he will occupy ...
... same thing Page 209 happened in France against the aristocracy during the revolution, and in Spain against the clergy. Sri Aurobindo : Regarding France, the revolution was not particularly against the aristocracy; it was against all history of the past. And in Spain, it was against the past repression of the Church. Disciple : I asked Mrs. X about conditions in Switzerland ...
... authority was successfully vindicated; for the King of France exercised a control over the Gallican Church and clergy which rendered all effective interference of the Pope in French affairs impossible. In Spain, in spite of the close alliance between Pope and King and the theoretical admission of the former's complete spiritual authority, it was really the temporal head who decided the ecclesiastical policy... active nucleus round which the nation grew into firm form and into adult strength; and in Continental countries the part played by the Capets and their successors in France, by the House of Castile in Spain and by the Romanoffs and their predecessors in Russia is still more prominent. In the last of these instances, one might almost say that without the Ivans, Peters and Catherines there would have been... authority, to narrow or quite suppress liberty and free variation. In England the period of the New Monarchy from Edward IV to Elizabeth, in France the great Bourbon period from Henry IV to Louis XIV, in Spain the epoch which extends from Ferdinand to Philip II, in Russia the rule of Peter the Great and Catherine were the time in which these nations reached their maturity, formed fully and confirmed their ...
... Philips II of Spain. Both monarchs were fanatically Catholic and did their utmost to destroy the new Protestant Church in England, including people as well as books, so that the Queen was soon known as ‘Bloody Mary.’ Mary, who remained childless, knew that the whole of Protestant England rallied behind Elizabeth, for no true-blue Englishman wanted England to become a dependency of hated Spain. Mary had... business; the court was constructed for a King. On the other hand, if Elizabeth married a foreign nobleman of royal descent, England would be ruled by a foreigner. The brief intermezzo of Philip II of Spain at the helm of England had not been encouraging. There were many suitors for Elizabeth’s hand and kingdom, but she knew how to stall, to play the one against the other, to keep them at bay while alluring... torn between its Anglican Protestants, Catholics and Puritans; its nobles and courtiers were divided accordingly. Externally, every neighbouring power – France (manipulating Mary, Queen of Scots) and Spain foremost among them – was ready to pounce on the helpless country governed by an apparently helpless Queen, and the Pope did his utmost to remove that heretic woman from the throne. ‘Since that guilty ...
... old empire-unities created by conquest was that they tended to destroy the smaller units they assimilated, as did imperial Rome, and to turn them into food for the life of the dominant organ. Gaul, Spain, Africa, Egypt were thus killed, turned into dead matter and their energy drawn into the centre, Rome; thus the empire became a great dying mass on which the life of Rome fed for several centuries.... civil life of Rome itself and by the persistence in the Italian municipia of a sense of separate life, oppressed but never quite ground out of existence as was the separate clan-life of Gaul and Spain or the separate city-life of Greece. Thus psychologically the Italian city state neither died satisfied and fulfilled nor was broken up beyond recall; it revived in new incarnations. And this revival... Germany failed to revive the old strongly marked and obstinately separative clannation. It created in its stead the regional kingdoms of Germany and the feudal and provincial divisions of France and Spain; but it was only in Germany, which like Ireland and the Scotch highlands had not endured the Roman yoke, that this regional life proved a serious obstacle to unification. In France it seemed for a time ...
... to deliver Egypt. Anilkumar seems to be naive. NIRODBARAN: He doesn't read the papers. PURANI: This man Sumer is saying that though Spain is quiet now, it doesn't mean that Spain has no interest in the New World Order in Europe. When the time comes, Spain will take her share. He has gone to Germany. Perhaps Hitler may persuade or force him to join him. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. Siam is also claiming ...
... AUROBINDO: Obviously! PURANI: It seems Spain is being persuaded to join the war and allow German troops to pass through Spain to attack Gibraltar. SRI AUROBINDO: Indo-China's example? PURANI: But Franco doesn't seem anxious to join the war. He has to reckon with the blockade too. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes. The Monarchists also don't want Fascism in Spain. It is not the Republicans alone but Franco's ...
... future whom he can kill. Disciple : Spain is finished. Sri Aurobindo : Yes. Disciple : But Madrid remains and General Mioja is there. Sri Aurobindo : When Barcelona has fallen Mioja cannot do anything. Besides, what can he do without arms and food. Disciple : Mussolini does not intend to remove the troops from Spain. Sri Aurobindo : That is what he said... Mussolini. When he does not want to say anything himself he speaks through Gayda. But Daladier could make a Spanish legion out of the Spanish refugees as a counter-blast to Mussolini's Italian legionary in Spain and use it in case the French troops are not allowed to come from Morocco. But it is too bold a policy for Daladier. Sri Aurobindo : That, of course; when somebody comes to take hold of family ...
... domination in order to realise its nationality. In Russia and England it was the domination of a foreign conquering race which rapidly became a ruling caste and was in the end assimilated and absorbed, in Spain the succession of the Roman, Goth and Moor, in Italy the overlordship of the Austrian, in the Balkans 3 the long suzerainty of the Turk, in Germany the transient yoke of Napoleon. But in all cases... living group-unit of humanity into which all others must merge or to which they must become subservient. Even old persistent race unities and cultural unities are powerless against it. The Catalonian in Spain, the Breton and Provenҫal and Alsatian in France, the Welsh in England may cherish the signs of their separate existence; but the attraction of the greater living unity of the Spanish, the French, the ...
... c pacifism. It annexed Mexican Texas by war and then turned it into a constituent State of the union, swamping it at the same time with American colonists. It conquered Cuba from Spain and the Philippines first from Spain and then from the insurgent Filipinos and, not being able to swamp them with colonists, gave Cuba independence under the American influence and promised the Filipinos a complete ...
... in a much less degree,—have helped more than any other literary influence to form the modern turn of the European mind and its mode of expression; the shortlived outbursts of creative power in the Spain of Calderón and the Germany of Goethe exercised an immediate, a strong, though not an enduring influence; the newly created Russian literature has been, though more subtly, among the most intense of... painting, illustrated by a few great names, has been neither a great artistic tradition nor a powerful cultural force and merits only a casual mention by the side of the rich achievement of Italy, Spain, France, Holland, Belgium. When we come to the field of thought we get a mixed impression like that of great mountain eminences towering out of a very low and flat plain. We find great individual p ...
... world at the time of Jesus Christ The main characteristic of these times is the overwhelming importance of the Roman Empire. It encompassed the whole of the Mediterranean World including Gaul, Spain, Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt. In India, two dynasties were ruling the larger part of the sub-continent: the Kushan Dynasty over north-western India, and the Andhra dynasty over central India. ... group, probably went to Rome; very early tradition holds that he was head of the Roman Church and was martyred there. Churches were established in Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece, and later in Gaul and in Spain. Stories of the sayings and doings of Jesus were collected and by the end of the first century began to take shape as the Gospels. To these were added the letters and Acts of the Apostles, and so the ...
... be formed? PURANI: One block in the Balkans, one in Belgium, Holland, France, etc., and another in Spain, Portugal and other countries, I suppose. They won't have any armies. Hitler alone will have an army. SRI AUROBINDO: Of course, small nations won't be able to resist, except Franco's Spain, and she can have some weight and Turkey too can resist. NIRODBARAN: Italy's claims, as we see from ...
... The Asura is up to his tricks again. Now Hitler's moves are quite clear. He will try to move towards the Mediterranean, taking possession of the Suez and then Egypt with a simultaneous movement into Spain for Gibraltar with the help of Franco if willing or, if unwilling, without his help and by replacing him with Sumer. That is why he has probably asked Sumer to wait. After Egypt, he will try to take... take North Africa with Pétain's consent. If Pétain refuses, he may place Laval at the head. And if both refuse, then he will occupy the whole of France and the Mediterranean ports. Then through Spain he can move to Africa. All this will be most dangerous to England and the blockade won't be effective any more. In fact I felt this danger from the very beginning of the war. NIRODBARAN: But will Russia ...
... 206 NOTES Aspects of France at the Time of Moliere During the latter half of the seventeenth century France was the leading nation in Europe. Its population was twice that of Spain and over four times that of England. Its land was fertile and its commerce and industry were growing. There were no disturbing arguments over forms of government; absolute monarchy was accepted by almost... depicts the mock ceremony during which Mr Jourdain is given the title of "Mamamouchi" by Turkish ambassadors. Europe, As Florence had been the nerve center of the Italian Renaissance and Spain of the Catholic Reformation, so France was the nerve center of late-seventeenth-century politics, diplomacy, and culture. How much of this predominance is to be attributed to the long reign of Louis ...
... dictators. And, besides, one doesn't know what England will do. As I said, she may leave France in the lurch. Blum and Daladier made the worst possible blunders, the one by his non-intervention policy in Spain, the other by betraying the Czechs. Franco' s victory is most dangerous for France. PURANI: But when the two dictators stand together, why is it not possible for England and France to do the same... see if anybody is overhearing; one must shut the doors and windows. SRI AUROBINDO: These are the Powers of obscurantism and falsehood. PURANI: America is alarmed after the Fascist success in Spain. She is afraid of trouble in Latin America. Have you seen Roosevelt's statement? The French paper reports that it has not appeared in the English papers. Roosevelt has said that if the dictators ...
... can't understand the present English policy. I don't know what England is after. France is being led by England—she is stuck to her like a tail. They say Mussolini is waiting for Franco's victory in Spain and then he will present his terms to France. Franco's victory will be dangerous for France. But it is very difficult to see how England profits by this. For as soon as Italy and Germany have crushed... in Africa. So Tunis and Djibouti are essential points for her and she also wants to be master of the Mediterranean. Blum is a useless fellow. It was he who as Premier applied non-intervention in Spain. No, no, it is sheer imbecility to expect that sort of thing. At present it seems that two people are brandishing their arms against everybody and the rest are somehow trying to save themselves. ...
... apostles, along with St Peter and St John, who accompanied Jesus when he retired to the mountain in the spring of A.D. 29, and witnessed the transfiguration of Christ. Apostle of Spain, his body reposes at Compostella in Spain, it is claimed, which has become one of the great pilgrimage centres of Christendom. In art, St James is sometimes portrayed with a sword. "He played a part in Spain's history ...
... Evening Talks with Sri Aurobindo 26th January, 1939 Disciple : It seems Barcelona – in Spain – is going. The French people are waking up at the eleventh hour. Sri Aurobindo : Yes, democracies are showing such courage at present! Disciple : It seems, political ideas and ideals are not worth fighting for. Thousands fought for democracy and... scattered all over country and they can combine or co-ordinate their activities for a common purpose. Page 192 26th January, 1939 Disciple : It seems Barcelona – in Spain – is going. The French people are waking up at the eleventh hour. Sri Aurobindo : Yes, democracies are showing such courage at present! Disciple : It seems, political ideas and ideals ...
... savage attachment to their independence of small nations like the Dutch, the Swiss, the Boers is traceable to the same cause; the fierce resistance opposed by the Page 297 greater part of Spain to Napoleon was that of a nation which once imperial & central has fallen out of the main flood of civilisation & is therefore becoming provincial & attached to its own isolation. That the nations of ...
... Cellini, Castiglione, mediaeval Italy lives before our eyes for all time; but the rest of Italian prose and poetry is mere literature and nothing more. Again when we have seen the romantic spirit of Spain, its pride, punctilious sense of honour, courage, cruelty, intrigue, passion and the humour & pathos of its decline mirrored in the work of Calderon & Cervantes we seem to have exhausted all that need ...
... old times. Not only Greece and Rome perished, Assyria, Chaldea, Phoenicia are also written in the book of the Dead. But the difference now seems well-established. France is a visibly dying nation, Spain seems to have lost the power of revival, Italy and Greece have been lifted up by great efforts and sacrifices but show a weak vitality, the Anglo-Saxon race is beginning everywhere to recede and dwindle ...
... Dante's great work as the nightmare of a cruel and superstitious religious fantasy, Shakespeare as a drunken barbarian of considerable genius with an epileptic imagination, the whole drama of Greece and Spain and England as a mass of bad ethics and violent horrors, French poetry as a succession of bald or tawdry rhetorical exercises and French fiction as a tainted and immoral thing, a long sacrifice on the ...
... “On the map the sum of Hitler’s conquests by September 1942 looked staggering. The Mediterranean had become practically an Axis lake, with Germany and Italy holding most of the northern shore from Spain to Turkey and the southern shore from Tunisia to within sixty miles of the Nile. In fact, German troops now stood guard from the Norwegian North Cape on the Arctic Ocean to Egypt, from the Atlantic ...
... kia], the Czechs could have given an effective fight to Hitler … Blum and Daladier made the worst possible blunders, the one by his non-intervention policy [in the recently concluded civil war] in Spain, the other by betraying the Czechs.” 1109 Chamberlain was “a crafty fool, thinking that he was dealing most diplomatically with Hitler while he did not see the reality of what he was doing … So long ...
... of those professional soldiers. “Jewish settlers first came to Europe as international merchants bringing the much desired products of the advanced civilizations of the Middle East, China, India and Spain. Small and flourishing communities of Jews were soon established along the great European trade routes and in urban centres. By the ninth century the Jews of Europe enjoyed their greatest success as ...
... the great traditional systems, the Chaldean. What Sri Aurobindo called “the cosmic Purusha” is also an important element in the great occult system of the Kabbalah, developed mainly in northern Spain and southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries (and which also designed the Tarot). In the Kabbalah the divine archetype is called Adam Kadmon, meaning Primal or Primordial Man, and sometimes also ...
... a threat of general mobilization and war, became acute in those months. The Germans occupied the Sudetenland one week after Sri Aurobindo’s accident, and they paraded in Prague three months later. Spain was in the grip of civil war; Benito Mussolini tried to live out his Caesarian fantasies; the Japanese aggressively enlarged their empire in Asia. The world was on fire. One of the letters from the ...
... then Bageswari professor of Comparative Arts at Calcutta University. He gave brilliant lectures from 1923 to 1943. After India's partition he went to Pakistan and became Pakistan's ambassadorr to Spain in 1955. Page 55 into a very poignant emotion and, once that is done, there can be no farther objection from the standpoint of poetic truth. There are just two or three places where the ...
... ati, and then Bageswari Professor of Comparative Arts at Calcutta University. He gave brilliant lectures from 1923 to 1943. After Partition, he went to Pakistan and became Pakistan's ambassador to Spain in 1955. 63. For the reader: Here is in Dilip's own words, what happened when he first met Baradakanta Majumdar at Lalgola, in the Murshidabad district of Bengal. "When I told him about my groping ...
... was one of the greatest of mystics) and not only in the ebb and decline; the mystic cults flourished in Rome when its culture was at high tide; many great spiritual personalities of Italy, France, Spain sprang up in a life that was rich, vivid and not in the least touched with decadence. This hasty and stupid generalisation has no truth in it and therefore no value." We may add that even mystics ...
... John has been. All kinds of terrifying prophecies are sought to be read in the latter, especially in America. One of the most fantastic interpretations is about the Anti-Christ. Poor John Carlos of Spain is cast in that role by one school of interpreters. The whole scheme is connected with the biblical vision of the Second Coming of Christ. I have studied this question very closely and can prove that ...
... life and not the huge States and colossal empires. Collective life diffusing itself in too vast spaces seems to lose intensity and productiveness. Europe has lived in England, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, the small States of Germany—all her later civilisation and progress evolved itself there, not in the huge mass of the Holy Roman or the Russian Empire. We see a similar phenomenon in the social ...
... attempt until at last you see him. This kind of patience is called perseverance. Perseverance is an active patience, a patience that marches on. The famous Genoese sailor Columbus set sail from Spain to cross the unknown seas of the West. Page 198 For days and weeks on end, in spite of the murmurs of his companions, he persisted in his will to reach a new land; in spite of delays and ...
... and in this place there is a new civilisation or a special progress in a civilisation or a kind of effervescence, blossoming, flowering of beauty, as in the great ages in Greece, Egypt, India, Italy, Spain.... Everywhere, Page 310 in all the countries of the world, there have been more or less beautiful periods. If you put the question to astrologers, they will explain this to you by the ...
... same day. He didn't say anything. There's been no letter since. Yes, in other words he hasn't told the result, he hasn't said anything about it. And as if by chance, Msgr. R. left for Spain the day P.L. arrived. He didn't meet him. I don't believe in chance. Later: It's a continuous experience, day and night, and so crowded, so intense that... it's impossible to describe ...
... Page 355 It doesn't matter. We can try. Because it can touch people, you understand, that's what is important. We can try. Finally there's a letter from P.L. "...My stay in Spain was prolonged more than I had thought.... Tell Sweet Mother that I am continuing my struggle and my effort, that she follows me everywhere and her protection is my support. I will tell you about my ...
... be found in Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776. The secular nation-states of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in France, England and Spain replaced Papal and feudal power. Page 186 manual workers like painters (white-washers), masons and blacksmiths. Usually they lacked any formal education and had to rely exclusively on ...
... on the transatlantic race. But the winds soon blow into a gale, and three days out of England, Solo runs into some floating debris in high seas, and he is forced to drop out of the race and sail to Spain for repairs. It is now late December and he is tempted to spend the rest of the winter in warm Tenerife in the Canary Islands. "I am caught in the sailor's inevitable dilemma. .. You need ports and ...
... 1251 92 22 1980 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 4265 1088 81 23 1984 Los Angeles, USA 5458 1620 141 24 1988 Seoul, South Korea 159 25 1992 Barcelona, Spain 172 26 1996 Atlanta, USA. 197 27 2000 Sydney, Australia. 199 28 2004 Athens, Greece. (scheduled) 29 2008 Beijing, China. ...
... too old. NIRODBARAN: He may be able to use the force. SRI AUROBINDO: But, as I said, he is too old. Still he seems to have kept his intellectual powers intact, considering that he has turned Spain from an enemy into an ally. PURANI: Yes, he has great influence over Franco. NIRODBARAN: Dilip has become a convert to the Supermind. ( Sri Aurobindo made an expression of pretended surprise ...
... matter of gossip. It is only if there can be some spiritual profit to others and even then if they are experiences of the past that one can speak of them. Otherwise it becomes like news of Abyssinia or Spain, something common and trivial for the vital mass mind to chew or gobble. Sadness is of no use - it is itself a form of tamas (inertia) and therefore does not help recovery. As ...
... my mistake." - a frank avowal. In another talk, He said, "As for the Ashram, I have been extremely successful, but while I have tried to work in the world, the results have been varied. In Spain - in Madrid -I was splendidly successful." - you know that Sri Aurobindo is referring to the Spanish civil war. "General Miaja was an admirable instrument to work on. Basque was an utter failure ...
... his hands. NIRODBARAN: According to Churchill's speech some units of the fleet seem to have escaped. He is asking them to come to British or go to neutral ports. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, but not to Spain, I hope. The understanding was that the full fleet would make for the British ports. ...
... Methuselah, 140 Shelley, 194 Shiva, 268 Shivaji,93, 394, 396 Shylock, 100 Sisupala, 80 Socrates, 16, 150,219-20,222,229,273 Solon, 219 Spain, 72 Sparta, 25 Spengler, Oswald, 238 Sri Aurobindo, 96, 222, 239, 250, 262, 270n., 277-8, 280-1, 283, 288, 336-7, 339-40, 345-6, 392 -A God's Labour, 278 ...
... when it diffuses itself in very vast spaces, seems to lose intensity and productiveness. As illustrations, he points out that Page 121 Europe has lived in England, France, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, the small states of Germany, — not in the huge mass of the Holy Roman or the Russian Empire. He also notices that in the organisation of nations and kingdoms, those which have had the most vigorous ...
... that 1000 warships of a larger type than triremes were to be built in Phoenicia, Syria, Cilicia and Cyprus for a campaign against the Carthaginians and the other coast peoples who lived in Africa, Spain, and the coasts adjoining up to Sicily. It is mentioned also that a road was to be made along the African coast to the Pillars of Heracles, and that in correspondence with the requirements of so great ...
... interlude, and even the western nations still called Latin could offer no living resistance to barbarian invaders and had to be reborn by the infusion of a foreign vitality to become modern Italy, Spain and France. But India still lives and keeps the continuity of her inner mind and soul and spirit with the India of the ages. Invasion and foreign rule, the Greek, the Parthian and the Hun, the robust ...
... Nishikanto was getting on." We were very much surprised, and I said to myself, What? In this impersonal mood, when He'd be concerned, we thought, with sending Divine Force to General José Miaja in Spain or with bringing down the Supramental Light, He says He was seeing instead "how Nishikanto was getting on"?! Nishikanto or Nirod or anybody else He loved was never far off from Him. Always, constantly ...
... great men. Jean Monnet then would rest close to Victor Hugo, another visionary who one century earlier had prophesized, All of us here, we say to France, to England, to Prussia, to Austria, to Spain, to Italy, to Russia, we Page 53 say to them, "A day will come when your weapons will fall from your hands, a day when war will seem absurd and be as impossible between Paris and London ...
... s, 164, 221-2, 225 Siddhas, 221 Siva, 31, 278 Socrates, 12, 58, 73, 98, 239, 281 Soma, 23, 28-9, 44-5, 165, 167, 184 Song if Solomon, 66-7 Sophocles, 73, 86, 187, 189 Spain, 205 Spengler, 297 Spenser, 68 Spinoza, 98 Sri Aurobindo, 49, 52, 54, 55n., 58-62, 64-5n., 67n., 75-6n., 81n., 1O2n., 126, 132, 135, 162n., 176, 179, 183-4, 224, 226-9, 233, 235, 248, ...
... of the original Latin has been broken into staccato. These languages formed out of vulgar Latin have in, their turn been modified by their contact with German speaking peoples (like the Visigoths in Spain and the Lombards in Italy). Whereas French has been able to preserve much of the fixed tradition of its parent Latin, in the Italian language, stress or accent determines almost entirely the movement ...
... that we may be able to judge and understand some of his ideas. The first period may be called the Negro period (1906-1910). During this period, his work was influenced by Moorish sculpture in Spain and old fetish of the Negros. He adopted heavy proportions and titanic images from them. He had of course given up the current conception of aesthetic beauty. In his "Les Demoiselles de Avions" ...
... and Britain] are no match for the dictators. And, besides, one doesn't know what England will do .... Blum and Daladier made the worst possible blunder: one by his non-intervention policy in Spain, the other by betraying the Czechs. Franco's victory is most dangerous for France .... The dictators know their own interests ... and they can't be separated. England and France tried the game ...
... School of Fine Arts and became "one of the youngest artists ever to win the Prix de Rome", which gave him the opportunity to make a thorough study of Italian art. Later, he traveled on scholarships to Spain, Belgium, Holland, England and other countries studying art "in all forms, oriental as well as occidental". It was henceforth magisterial progress for him - prizes, titles, honours, affluence. And yet ...
... Cairo in 1830, on December 18. But the Ismaluns had also some roots in the old Ural-Altaic region of Hungary, and Mira Ismalun's father, Said Pinto, although Egyptian, traced back his roots to Spain. Protean winds blew over little Mirra's cradle, those from the Urals mingling with the mysteries of the Valley of the Kings and the fiery Iberia. Mother has many roots, very ancient roots, and perhaps ...
... times and learned the secret of the grave" 100 . But the Ismaluns also came from the old Ural-Altaic region of Hungary, and Mira Ismaluns father, Said Pinto, while Egyptian, had his roots far back in Spain. Shifting winds blew over that cradle, those of the Urals mingling with the mysteries of the Valley of the Kings and an Iberian fire. In fact, it was not really men who watched over Mother's cradle ...
... been—there has always been—an identification of this body's consciousness with all revolutionary movements. I have always known and guided them even before news of them came out: in Russia, in Italy, in Spain and elsewhere—always, everywhere. And essentially, it was always the same Force seeking to hasten the coming of the Future—always—but constrained to adapt its means of action to the state of the mass ...
... it was the Government that acted, but with the help of the people. On the other hand, the countries sympathetic to Napoleon, Italy, Ireland, Poland, or those which acted weakly or falsely, such as Spain and Austria, have declined, suffered, struggled and, even when partially successful, could not attain their fulfilment. But the punya is now exhausted. Page 521 The future with which the ...
... Small is the blade and narrow to the eye The rift; but through it seas of light shall pour And through it the world-shaking thunders roar And from the storm the sweet fresh day have birth. When Spain was mighty and cruel and all earth Darkened by her huge shadow, your fathers first Defied her puissance;—they the chains accursed Page 251 Asunder rent and braved the bigot's flame And ...
... but there are other countries of Europe which have not been equally forward. America is a democratic country which has not progressed: Russia is a despotic country which has not progressed: in Italy, Spain, Germany even progress has been factitious and slow. Nevertheless, though the vulgar wording of the boast may be loose and careless, yet it does express a very real superiority. The nations of the West ...
... the western nations still called Latin could offer no living resistance to barbarian invaders and had to be reborn Page 430 by the infusion of a foreign vitality to become modern Italy, Spain and France. But India still lives and keeps the continuity of her inner mind and soul and spirit with the India of the ages. Invasion and foreign rule, the Greek, the Parthian and the Hun, the robust ...
... competitions. I was one of the youngest artists ever to win the Prix de Rome and that gave me the opportunity to make a thorough study of Italian art. Later on, travelling scholarships allowed me to visit Spain, Belgium, Holland, England and other countries too. I did not want to be a man of one period or one school, and I studied the art of all countries, in all forms, oriental as well as occidental. At ...
... source of her civilisation, matured in two or three centuries, flourished for another two, and two more were sufficient for her decline and death. How few in years are the modern European nations, yet Spain is already dead, Austria death-stricken and suffering from gangrene and disintegration, France overtaken by a mortal and incurable malady, England already affected by the initial processes of decay ...
... Centre find it difficult to understand and live with the Graeco-Italians of the South: in Germany the Prussian, the Slav, the Pole, and the South German are of different race types and temperaments: in Spain the Iberian, the Goth and the Moor have mingled their blood: in France there are the Breton, still a distinct race, the Provencal and the Frank as well as the Celts of the Centre and the Aquitanian ...
... only if there can be some spiritual profit to others and even then if they are experiences of the past that one Page 50 can speak of them. Otherwise it becomes like news of Abyssinia or Spain, something common and trivial for the vital mass-mind to chew or gobble. To show what is written about experiences or to speak about one's experiences to others is always risky. They are much ...
... This hypothetic forecast was fully justified—and tended to become more and more so—by the post-war developments of national and international life. The internecine butchery in Spain, the development of two opposite types of Socialism in Russia, Italy and Germany, the uneasy political situation in France were examples of the fulfilment of these tendencies. But this tendency has ...
... force to the need already felt of a universal language, and a universal language once created or once adopted may end by killing out the regional languages as Latin killed out the languages of Gaul, Spain and Italy or as English has killed out Cornish, Gaelic, Erse and has been encroaching on the Welsh tongue. On the other hand, there is a revival nowadays, due to the growing subjectivism of the human ...
... of all by two or three major nations. × Witness Egypt, Ireland, India, and afterwards Abyssinia, Spain, China—wherever still man tries to dominate by force over man or nation over nation. ...
... is in evidence in smaller countries. × The hardly disguised intervention of the Fascist Powers in Spain to combat and beat down the democratic Government of the country is a striking example of a tendency likely to increase in the future. Since then there has been the interference in an opposite sense ...
... tradition was once the strongest. Even in these days it has fallen in Germany and Austria, in China, in Portugal, in Russia; it has been in peril in Greece and Italy; 1 and it has been cast out of Spain. In no continental country is it really safe except in some of the smaller States. In most of them it exists for reasons that already belong to the past and may soon lose if they are not already losing ...
... two rival principles work out, can be seen by the example of Russia itself which is now prominently before our eyes. Russia has never been a nation-State in the pure sense of the word, like France, Spain, Italy, Great Britain or modern Germany; it has been a congeries of nations, Great Russia, Ruthenian Ukraine, White Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Siberia, all Slavic with a dash of Tartar and German blood ...
... one of the greatest of mystics) and not only in the ebb and decline; the mystic cults flourished in Rome too when its culture was at high tide; many great spiritual personalities of Italy, France, Spain sprang up Page 324 in a life that was rich, vivid and not in the least touched with decadence. This hasty and inept generalisation has no truth in it and therefore no value. Argument ...
... where every head was humming with diplomatic questions raised by unsettled thrones and touch-and-go balances of power in a Europe torn between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, well-established Spain and ambitious England. There was every opportunity for him to get an understanding of military science and court-life and political practice. Given an all-absorbing curiosity and an extraordinary genius ...
... "Don Quixote de la Mancha"? And I must admit that Spanish names have a very satisfying emotional effect. Some years ago I came across the name of a contemporary Spanish writer, an exile from Franco's Spain who had settled to a professorship at Oxford: Salvador de Madariaga. As soon as I found this name I felt it could not be bettered as an ejaculation in moments of annoyance or anger. I needed no swear-words ...
... muscular man instead of a God: even his beard seems to be full of muscles the way it flies like a torn banner! In Shakespeare's day England was unusually uneducated as compared to the Continent. Spain was considered a civilised country and so was Portugal. Many consider them backwaters at present, but in those days they were in the front rank of civilisation and Elizabethan England was pretty barbarous ...
... enthusiasms and ideas, engaged, at great sacrifice and, as it turns out, risk to himself, in freeing the Spanish mind by education from the fetters of that bigoted Clericalism which has been the ruin of Spain. For a man of this kind—a man of eminent culture and unstained character, the friend and fellow worker of distinguished men all over the occidental world,—to be shot without any reputable evidence by ...
... Europe with a German barbarism whose temperament in its merits no less than in its defects was the very antitype both of the Christian spirit and the Graeco-Roman intellect. The Islamic invasion of Spain and the southern coast of the Mediterranean—curious as the sole noteworthy example of Asiatic culture using the European method of material and political irruption as opposed to a peaceful invasion ...
... character and reputed to be the fastest of the Greeks next to Achilles, figures as alive in Ilion. Gades, mentioned in Antenor's speech, is the old name for Cadiz on the south-west coast of Spain and marked for the ancients the farthest point beyond the Straits of Gibraltar, on either side of which were the Mounts Calpe and Abyla called the Pillars of Hercules. It was also known as Gadeira. ...
... Europe with a German barbarism whose temperament in its merits no less than in its defects was the very anti-type of the Christian spirit and the Graeco-Roman intellect. ‘The Islamic invasion of Spain and the southern coast of the Mediterranean — curious as the sole noteworthy example of Asiatic culture using the European method of material and political irruption as opposed to a peaceful invasion ...
... prominent people in the land, ambassadors as well as financiers and politicians. It is known that Charles de Gaulle, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Boris Yeltsin, François Mitterand and king Juan Carlos of Spain have sought astrological advice. Most of the politicians in India regularly consult their favourite astrologer. Science, long presumed to be unshakable because based on mathematics, is more and more ...
... pyramids, of considerable technical and astronomical knowledge. To this culture belong not only Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland, but also similar megalithic constructions in Portugal, Spain and the island of Malta. Whether they originated in north-western Europe and spread from there towards the east, or vice versa, remains controversial among the experts … These stone relicts have hardly ...
... the statement of Erasmus: ‘If it is the sign of a good Christian to hate the Jews, then we are all good Christians’ … Even if the Jew is no longer present in some places [the Jews were banished from Spain, France and England], the people invent him, and the less a Christian population runs into Jews in its daily life, the more it is haunted by their image, about which it is told by its literature, at ...
... been—there has always been—an identification of this body's consciousness with all revolutionary movements. I have always known and guided them even before news of them came out: in Russia, in Italy, in Spain and elsewhere—always, everywhere. And essentially, it was always the same Force seeking to hasten the coming of the future—always—but constrained to adapt its means of action to the state of the mass ...
... important things.... You know that the Pope has set up a "Reform Committee" for the Church, and PL. is on it. For a few months he was asked to go and carry out "opinion polls" here and there (in Portugal, Spain, etc.), so as to study possible reforms. Following those opinion polls, the Committee met in Rome with the Monsignors and Cardinals. And there, PL. came flat out with it all! Bah!... ( Mother laughs ...
... period of intercommunal unsettlement is over, we should not be afraid of having the word "theocracy" hurled at us, provided we take care to be different from orthodox semi-obscurantist theocracies like Spain and Eire and Pakistan. Secularity and the Presence of Ideals A final point to remember is that an India which sets up the ideals of liberty and equality is bound to answer why these ...
... Elder - 1793 ) Catherine the Great Introduction In England the period of the New Monarchy from Edward IV to Elizabeth, in France the great Bourbon period from Henry IV to Louis XIV in Spain the epoch which extends from Ferdinand to Philip II, in Russia the rule of Peter the Great and Catherine were the time in which these nations reached their maturity, formed fully and confirmed their ...
... mainly because I felt that I had enough on my plate dealing with the first priorities. I was glad to be able to start the programme off in July because we were going away for a fortnight's holiday to Spain in September when fitting in the programme would, I knew, be difficult. But having got used to it at home, I did in fact find it possible to fit in some time lying on my bed after swimming and even ...
... Maharajah of Travancore; they were active in the Battle of Colachel in defeating the Dutch forces. In 1748, Major Stringer Lawrence, Page 43 a veteran of action in Spain, Flanders and the Highlands, was hired by the East India Company to take charge of the defence of Cuddalore. He laid the foundations of what was to become the Indian Army. Training the levies to ...
... was constructed in proportion to the dimensions of the physical and mental needs of children. She received many invitations and gave teacher-training courses in Italy, France, Holland, Germany, Spain, England, Austria, India and Ceylon. She also went to South America. Wherever she went, she made a deep impression. Her profound insight into the soul of the child; her long and varied experience; ...
... thing, as the perfect thing, it is an integral part of his swabhava and swadharma, his law of being and his highest good. Violence is the ornament of his character. The outrages committed by Spain in America, the oppression of the Christians by Imperial Rome, the brutal treatment of Christians by Christians themselves (the Inquisition, that is to say) or the misdeeds of Imperialists generally ...
... Shelley 104 Shitala 31 Shyama 80 Shyama 80 Siddhas 82 Siddhacharyas 11, 82, 83, 87 Soma 2, 12 Somadevata 37 Sophocles 40, 43 South America 55 Spain 61 Sri Aurobindo 8, 27, 30, 36, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92. 93. I03 Sri Rama 41 Sutra 13 Svarga 34 Swadeshi 89 Swadeshi Movement 98 T Tagore83, 85, 89, 91, 92, ...
... French it is not so great, still the two were kept separate. In England Eliot came to demolish the barrier, in France a whole company has come up and very significant among them is this foreigner from Spain who is so obliquely simple and whose Muse has a natural yet haunting magic of divine things: Elle lève les yeux et la brise s'arrête Elle baisse les yeux, la campagne s'étend. ...
... wanted to hint that the Mother and he had made this fog to help the Allies.) Now they have let out King Leopold who has been in sympathy with Germany for a long time. The Belgian ambassador in Spain said that he has always had sympathy with totalitarianism. SATYENDRA: This fight has given some confidence to the British Expeditionary Force. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, the British were becoming used ...
... French it is not so great, still the two were kept separate. In England Eliot came to demolish the barrier, in France a whole company has come up and very significant among them is this foreigner from Spain who is so obliquely simple and whose Muse has a natural yet haunting magic of divine things: Elle lève les yeux et la brise s' arrête Elle baisse les yeux, la campagne s'é tend. ...
... AUROBINDO: Yes. Even now in some universities in the south of France-for example, Montpelier which is a famous university there-they admit this vital force. This is because the south of France as well as Spain came much under Arab influence. The vital force theory may come back everywhere. At one time physical science claimed to explain everything according to its laws. Now they admit they can explain ...
... hoax. How can one think it to be true after seeing the acceptance of such terms? How could they accept such a peace? SRI AUROBINDO: They will accept anything. If they are asked to give Morocco to Spain or Indo-China to Japan they will agree. NIRODBARAN: There is no mention of colonies in the terms. SRI AUROBINDO: That will come in the final peace terms. It is only an armistice now—unless it ...
... has disowned the two Republicans Roosevelt has appointed. SRI AUROBINDO: What a pity! Why? PURANI: Because they are strongly pro-English. Not that the Republican party is itself anti-Allies. Spain perhaps will enter the war on Germany's side. NIRODBARAN: She already took the first step by declaring non-belligerency. SATYENDRA: Everybody is taking Hitler's side. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, and ...
... allow Hitler to get control of Turkey which means control of the Dardanelles also, an entry into Asia Minor. The position will then be that except for Russia and Britain everybody will be under Hitler. Spain is practically under his thumb. That is the New World Order. I suppose. Only North Africa will be out of it, since it is being guarded by the British navy. PURANI: I suppose Turkey will consult Russia ...
... with America. The three-Power pact is not against America! (Laughter) SRI AUROBINDO: I don't see how Japan can fight England and America when all her war supplies come from them. That is also why Spain can't join Germany. PURANI: N.R. Sarkar has given a lecture in Madura against non-violence. He says non-violence can't prevent invasion by another power. SRI AUROBINDO: That is my opinion too ...
... talk of Samuel Hoare as the successor to Linlithgow. In the Indian Express there is a cartoon showing Hoare as a rabbit being stewed in his own juice. (Laughter) SRI AUROBINDO: He is needed in Spain. Lothian would have been the best choice. But he is also much needed in America. ...
... as the perfect thing, it is an integral part of his swabhava and swadharma, his law of being and his highest good. Violence is the ornament of his character. The outrages committed by Spain in America, the oppression of the Christians by Imperial Rome, the brutal treatment of Christians by Christians themselves (the inquisition, that is to say) or the misdeeds of Imperialists generally ...
... I didn't think the hostiles would attack me. That was my mistake. As for the Ashram, I have been extremely successful, but while I have tried to work on the world the results have been varied. In Spain, in Madrid, I was splendidly successful. General Miaja was an admirable instrument to work on. Basque was an utter failure. Negus was a good instrument but the people around him, though good warriors ...
... 1940-contd Talks with Sri Aurobindo 9 JULY 1940 PURANI: The German troops are being concentrated on Franco-Spanish frontier. Hitler wants to march through Spain to Gibraltar. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, that may be his intention. I don't see then how the British can hold out against him. NIRODBARAN: Is Hitler working in collaboration with Franco? SRI AUROBINDO: ...
... AUROBINDO: Don't know. If Turkey waits till Bulgaria is attacked it will be too late. In that case Hitler may turn towards Palestine and help Italy there, and then move on to Africa. Next he will ask Spain to join him so that the English army in Africa will be caught between two forces. . PURANI: Yes, that is why England is trying to hurry up the Libyan campaign so that it can move its forces to Greece ...
... England can hold out till November, I hope. SATYENDRA: Oh yes. In winter the operations have to be slower. PURANI: Hitler is trying to find Britain's weak spots by these small air attacks. But if Spain and France join Hitler— SRI AUROBINDO: Then it will be formidable. PURANI: Hitler is trying to drag in France. SRI AUROBINDO: In that case, it will end in a revolution in France. The French ...
... AUROBINDO: There does not seem to be any preparation for the invasion of England. But, of course, he does not do what is expected. Evidently he has no intention of going to the Balkans. Could it be Spain he has in mind? Gibraltar won't be difficult for him to take and then he may cross over to Morocco. In that case it will be difficult for the English ships to cross the strait of Gibraltar. If thus ...
... For his cosmic work, this was the only time he had to himself. Whether to bring down the Supramental Light, or to dive deep into the nether Hell, to send his force for some world purpose, the war in Spain, World War II, helping the Allies or to solve some difficulties of the Ashram, even of individuals, must have been the nature of his special work. One day, after his concentration, I remember him saying ...
... matter of gossip. It is only if there can be some spiritual profit to others and even then if they are experiences of the past that one can speak of them. Otherwise it becomes like news of Abyssinia or Spain, something common and trivial for the vital mass-mind to chew or gobble. 62 But of course these cautions apply only to advice or comments or instructions regarding the sadhana of individual ...
... not know what she is after. France is being led by England; she is her tail. It is said that Mussolini is waiting for France’s victory, then he will present his terms to France. France’s victory in Spain will be dangerous for France. But it is very difficult to see how England profits by this. For as soon as Italy and Germany have crushed France the next victim will be England. England knows very well ...
... her work is the work of the Divine, workers will flock to her from all parts of the globe. An so, indeed, they have been flocking—from America and England and France, from Germany and Holland and Spain, from Sweden and Australia and China and Japan, and from almost every part of India. The stream expands as it pours in and rushes forward to bathe the Mother's feet. Fired with the new spirit, the standard- ...
... her work is the work of the Divine, workers will flock to her from all parts of the globe. And so, indeed, they have been flocking—from America and England and France, from Germany and Holland and Spain, from Sweden and Australia and China and Japan, and from almost every part of India. The stream expands as it pours in and rushes forward to bathe the Mother's feet. Fired with remarkable in ...
... myself. I did not think that they would attack me. That was my mistake. As regards the Ashram, I have been extremely successful but while I have tried to work in the world, results have been varied. In Spain I was splendidly successful. General Miaca was an admirable instrument to work on. Working of the Force depends on the instrument. Basque was an utter failure. Negus was a good instrument but people ...
... George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Yet another Aurobindonian "hypothetical forecast" 46 - a nation being rent by civil war - has since been justified by subsequent events like the civil war in Spain, the horrors of the partition of India, the Korean War and the prolonged agony of Vietnam. In Part Two of The Ideal of Human Unity, Sri Aurobindo views the social revolution of the human ...
... in a span of fifteen years, between 1483 and 1498, a single Dominican priest who was the Inquisitor-General, sentenced over 114,000 victims—of which 10,220 were burned. When Napoleon conquered Spain in 1808, the battle- 1 History of Hindu-Christian Encounters, by Sita Ram Goel (Voice of India). All quotes from this book are with the kind permission of the author. He even gave me ...
... entury Spanish gold seekers, French and British empire builders, brought with them diseases till then unknown in the New World. "From the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, diseases brought to the Americas by Europeans killed at least half and perhaps as much as ninety-five percent of the native population," wrote J. L. Swerdlow. 2 Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566) was a Spanish historian... young man of thirty, started out with four ships on 8 July 1497. Helped by Indian fishermen off the east coast of Africa, he reached Calicut on 20 May the next year. Almost simultaneously, the Spanish rulers also turned to overseas expansion. Queen Isabella supported the Genoese, Christopher Columbus, who had garnered from books he read that the Earth was round and the Eurasian continent did not... religion. Christianity. As happens with 'religions' Christianity too was divided into many sects. One of these was called the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish soldier. The Spaniards were notorious for the 'Inquisition' cruelties. Flush with the victory over Islamic Moors, they had a surplus of religious zeal. When they landed in the Americas, the Spaniards ...
... Lisieux. SATYENDRA: There are two Saint Theresas. One is the great and famous saint, she was Spanish. The recent Theresa is French. The Spanish Theresa's life was very quiet but intense. She said, "I will spend my heaven for mankind." Many miracles happened after her death. SRI AUROBINDO: The Spanish have produced many remarkable saints. Some of them had very powerful experiences. The German ...
... of year—political trouble & agitation for France Feb. & March—Eastern question to be revived, Indian affairs cause anxiety May—Recrudescence of troubles in Ireland June—Anarchism rampant & Spanish King in danger from insidious foes July—Numerous & startling catastrophes, Widespread disaster in the East Autumn—Plague & Famine in India, Holland assumes diplomatic & dangerous attitude, Under ...
... transformation in a verb to express in a single word what neither Italian nor Spanish could say with such poetic force and depth of meaning." Excuse me, but are you sure you have spelt the Latin for "she-servant" correctly? The original is ancilla (double l ). In any case, it is a pity that authoritative lexicons of Spanish don't list it. The common English derivation from the latin is via the... Life-Poetry-Yoga (Vol 2) 22 I am surprised that in Spanish the equivalents of the English "portent" and "portentous" - namely, "portento" and "por-tentoso -can only mean "wonder" and "wonderful" and their synonyms but never anything to do with the suggestion of a significant sign, whether favourable or unfavourable. In that case, Calderon... Calderon could have chosen for his well-known play "Il Magico Prodigioso" the adjective "Portentoso" to go with the noun. It seems that both in Spanish and in French there is nothing corresponding to the ambivalent epithet "foreboding" in the Savitri-line: The huge foreboding mind of Night, alone... where, so far as the meaning in general is concerned, "portending" could substitute ...
... despotisms. It was a thought that overthrew the despotism of centuries in France and revolutionised Europe. It was a mere sentiment against which the irresistible might of the Spanish armies and the organised cruelty of Spanish repression were shattered in the Netherlands, which brought to nought the administrative genius, the military power, the stubborn will of Aurangzeb, which loosened the iron grip ...
... Living in The Presence The Organ Is Your Instrument I had bought a beautiful Spanish guitar from a French guitarist. It had a lovely sound. I had been learning from a Parsi lady, Tehmi Marszpan, for quite some years now. For some reason, I had not informed the Mother about this. I would tell myself that the Mother did not have time to listen to all our necessary ...
... especially English poetry, literature and fiction, French literature and the history of ancient, mediaeval and modern Europe. He spent some time also over learning Italian, some German and a little Spanish. He spent much time too in writing poetry. The school studies during this period engaged very little of his time; he was already at ease in them and did not think it necessary to labour over them any ...
... others did from far away as to what would become of Czechoslovakia, as a result of the separation of Sudetenland. He said it would be all right. SRI AUROBINDO: Didn't he go to Barcelona during the Spanish War? PURANI: Yes, and he said that the Republicans would win. SRI AUROBINDO: Prophecy didn't come true. PURANI: No. Amery is bringing in an Emergency Bill. SRI AUROBINDO: Yes, I hope the ...
... But it's a machine... like the prayer wheel, something of that sort, but it was a "meditating machine"! It was very interesting. There are some strange things.... ( Regarding an Italian or Spanish reader of "The Adventure of Consciousness": ) The best thing is for them to translate for themselves. That's the best way of reading; when you really want to understand a book, you should translate ...
... Mother cut in, "But he spoke very good French! And French had come back to him as a spontaneous memory." The reader may recall that he had learned other European languages like German, Italian and Spanish. Back in India he had learned Bengali enough to produce original works in it, besides having more than a nodding acquaintance with Gujarati, Marathi and Hindusthan (Urdu). Who then better qualified... digging down into the hidden original Foetus of language." An archaeologist of language! The most convenient tool was Sanskrit—helped out by Greek, Latin, Tamil, and occasionally Celtic, Irish, French, Spanish and Italian. In Sanskrit the original type of Aryan structure was fairly well preserved. Surprisingly, "The structure we find is one of extraordinary initial simplicity and also of extraordinarily ...
... very well; the best among them have always repudiated their mother country. Certainly there were peoples and nations that acted at times most barbarously and inhumanly. The classical example of the Spanish Terror in America is there. But all pales into insignificance when compared to the German achievement and ideal in this respect. For here is a people violent and cruel, not simply because it is their ...
... moments, when it is in deadly peril, when its very existence is threatened, attacked by enemy forces either from within or from without. Such was the case when, for example, Britain was invaded by the Spanish Armada or when France was being subjugated by England. Those were very anxious times, but in each instance the soul of the nation came forward and inspired the nation to react and go through the ordeal ...
... common denominator”. 592 By far the greatest numbers of German Jews were North and East European Ashkenazim, very different in their beliefs and life-style from the Sephardim, of Portuguese and Spanish origin and who lived mainly in Southern Europe. The Jewish community in Germany was further divided into orthodox Jews, following the prescriptions of their faith to the letter, and less strict or ...
... moments, when it is in deadly peril, when its very existence is threatened, attacked by enemy forces either from within or from without. Such was the case when, for example, Britain was invaded by the Spanish Armada or when France was being subjugated by England. Those were very anxious times, but in each instance the soul of the nation came forward and inspired the nation to react and go through the ordeal ...
... my usual publisher, with whom I've had a good deal of trouble.... But it so happens that before he went to Robert Laffont, P. L. had to go and see my usual publisher to sign the agreement for the Spanish translation of The Adventure of Consciousness. And here's what happened: P. L. writes to me, "At first he raised, lots of difficulties. I told him I want no favors and Page 232 am ready ...
... enthusiastic reader, R.! She's absolutely fervent, she told me she's transformed. So she's going to work very vigorously over there in America. N. on his side is pressing to have it translated into Spanish and Italian. Some people want to do it in Portuguese. But when I saw the effect on R.... You know R. is a person who is not easily carried away—she was transformed, literally transformed, and she ...
... very well; the best among them have always repudiated their mother country. Certainly there were peoples and nations that acted at times most barbarously and inhumanly. The classical example of the Spanish Terror in America is there. But all pales into insignificance when compared to the German achievement and ideal in this respect. For here is a people Page 36 violent and cruel, not ...
... theatre there and I saw Moropant sitting there on one of the front benches gaping at me !" 24-10-1925 There was talk about the Franco-Riff war, – about the retreat of the French and Spanish armies. Disciple : Reuter's agency has given the message. Sri Aurobindo : Do you believe Reuter's is an infallible agency ? Then Lenin must have died seven or eight times, and Anvar ...
... 418 Shakespeare, 79, 116n., 406 -Julius Caesar, 116n. -Hamlet, 72n. Shankara, 17, 21, 68, 71,403 Shelley, 209 Shiva, 129, 208, 339 Socrates, 116 Soma, 70, 208 Spanish Armada, the, 198 Sri Aurobindo, 3-4, 7-10, 17-19, 22, 25, 27, 29, 34, 36, 44, 59-60, 71, 84n., 85-6,89-91, 95, 109n., 117n., 125, 127, 129n., 148, 154, 163n., 225, 288-90, 299-300, 326, ...
... you or the Mother in dreams and receives your blessings. Has it any concrete value—as concrete as the Pranam touch? What do you mean by concrete? It is concrete there just as the Abyssinian or Spanish wars are concrete here. 26 August 1936 X wishes to know what you and the Mother decide in reply to her last letter. She asked me to write to her. Shall I ask Mother tomorrow or would you prefer ...
... world has seen … The only trouble was that he was not bold enough. If he had pushed on with the idea of unification of all Europe, which he had at the back of his mind, then the present Spanish struggle [the Spanish Civil War] would not have been necessary, Italy would have been united much earlier and Germany would have been more civilized. If instead of proclaiming himself Emperor he had remained ...
... pocket edition of the Bhagavad Gita, but that most unexpected symbol of his country — the mango! In the world of fruits the mango is as essentially Indian as olives are Greek, grapes French, figs Spanish, oranges Maltese and dates Arabian. Even more so — since it is a stauncher nationalist than any of them inasmuch as it has refused to thrive to any marked degree in a non-Indian soil, although Burma ...
... glorified image, but essentially always a god with human attributes. And this ( laughing ) creates a sort of intimacy, a sense of kinship! T. has taken it literally, but it's true that even the Spanish, when their god doesn't do what they want, take the statue and throw it in the river! Page 191 There are people here who do the same thing. I know some people who had a statue of Kali in... ey are true artists.' He was doing the mural decoration—some eight panels in all, I believe. So I set to work on one of the panels. (The church was dedicated to San Juan de Compostello, a hero of Spanish history; he had appeared in a battle between the Christians and the Moors and his apparition vanquished the Moors. And he was magnificent! He appeared in golden light on a white horse, almost like ...
... first class at St Paul’s secondary school in London. Along with the normal curriculum, by following which he made rapid progress in Latin, Greek and French, he also taught himself Italian, German and Spanish to read Dante, Goethe and Cervantes in the original. As to English literature, he showed much interest in the Elizabethan theatre and for the great romantic poetry, particularly that of Keats, Shelley ...
... especially English poetry, literature and fiction, French literature and the history of ancient, mediaeval and modern Europe. He spent some time also over learning Italian, some German and a little Spanish." He spent much time too in writing poetry. Page 141 Class U VIII July 1888 Latin Greek or Science French Divinity & English Mathematics ...
... literature. He also studied “divinity” (the Bible), French and mathematics. His reports show that these subjects provided him with no difficulty, and he found time to study on the side Italian, German and Spanish in order to be able to read Dante, Goethe and Calderón in the original. At that time he led a life of poverty because his father, for unknown reasons, practically stopped sending money for him and ...
... a self-righteous frame of mind in which we grow fanatical and intolerant and exclusivist is not a movement towards a general "Krishna-consciousness" for any fight, but a drive towards a species of Spanish Inquisition or of a Herrenvolk Hitlerism. What you say at the end of your letter is to my mind correct: "Satprem's Agenda minus Satprem (the Mother's temporary private references, the editor's ...
... ideas of the Revolution. The only trouble was that he was not bold enough. If he had pushed on with the idea of unification of all Europe, which he had at the back of his mind, then the present Spanish struggle would not have been necessary. Italy would have been united much earlier and Germany would have been more civilised. If instead of proclaiming himself Emperor he had remained the First Consul ...
... bigger than the Holocaust of the Jews by the Nazis; or the massacre of the Armenians by the Turks; more extensive even than the slaughter of the South American native populations by the invading Spanish and Portuguese. We shall quote from the French historian Alain Danielou, as well as the Dutch scholar Koenraad Elst who has written a very interesting book called "Negationism in India" and finally ...
... question of the individual versus the State." Nolini never completed the translation. "I began my Latin with Virgil's Aeneid, and Italian with Dante." I do not know with what books he began his Spanish and German lessons! Nolini knew well those two languages also. And Sri Aurobindo taught him Sanskrit. He learnt it so well that he translated many hymns into Bengali from the original texts of the ...
... idiomatic usage. Thus Sri Aurobindo had "mastered Greek and Latin, English and French and had also acquired some familiarity with continental languages like German and Italian," and a little Spanish; among the Indian languages were Sanskrit and Bengali, Gujarati and Hindi, some Tamil, and Marathi which "he spoke better than Bengali," remarked his Bengali teacher Dinendra Kumar Roy. 1 ...
... also can be more effectively and rapidly dealt with. Some people are so open that even by writing they get free before the book or letter reaches us. 8 June 1933 You said, in regard to that Spanish General, "I put the right force on him and he wakes up and, with his military knowledge and capacity, does the right thing" [ p. 447 ]. Exactly, if he has these things, he can receive your right force... things happen, but it is not necessary to proceed in that way, nor below the Supermind or supramentalised Overmind can it be the ordinary process. 10 April 1937 You said, in regard to the Spanish General, "Let us suppose ... I put the right force on him" [ p. 447 ]. Why did you say "right"? Is there also a wrong Force? Don't remember what exactly I wrote—so can't say very well. But of course ...
... heroic Aeneas and his tragic Dido — but most of the other characters are a little wooden. Among those who have just missed entering the third row are the Roman Lucretius, the Greek Euripides, the Spanish Calderon, the French Corneille and Hugo, the English Spenser. While mentioning the various names I noticed one of you trying to anticipate the roll by whispering "Wordsworth". Well, Sri Aurobindo ...
... Page 146 indigo, various kinds of local cloth, that one can easily get cheaply from the manufactures, money being rare and food at such a low price that two hundred and fifty reels [a Spanish monetary unit] a year are enough to feed ten men." Doesn't it sound fantastic? It was so dirt cheap to live in those days! Like other West European nations—such as the Dutch, the Danes, the B ...
... their surviving results it was there that they were most successfully resolved and removed. The centralising monarchy, brought to supreme power by the repeated lessons of the English invasions, the Spanish pressure, the civil wars, developed inevitably that absolutism which the great historic figure of Louis XIV so strikingly personifies. His famous dictum, "I am the State", expressed really the need ...
... l quarry, though at the cost of being dubbed a "wooden head" and many other complimentary epithets. Aeschylus, Shakespeare, Milton, Dante, Napoleon, Virgil, Shaw, Joyce, Hitler, Mussolini, Negus, Spanish Civil War, General Miaja, romping in, oh, the world-theatre seen at a glance exhibiting many-coloured movements for the eye's, the ear's and the soul's rejoicing. Now, the question arises: what ...
... to be centrally studied in detail. What languages should our children learn? United Nations Organization has recognized six international languages, - English, French, Arabic, Russian, Chinese and Spanish. Which of these six foreign languages should our students master apart from English and our own indigenous languages, including mother tongue, Sanskrit and Hindi? While all these councils will ...
... this connection, one of the foreign languages could be encouraged, particularly those which since they have been recognized as international languages at the UNO: Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish. It has also been suggested that English has a great similarity with French, and French has a great similarity with Sanskrit. Hence, the four-language formula, consisting of Sanskrit, mother-tongue ...
... allied to it and may throw some light upon it. It is about the life-span of peoples. The life-span of peoples is not uniform: it differs with different peoples and differs considerably. The Spanish or Portuguese hegemony in modern Europe was after all rather brief – a matter of one century or two – in comparison with the lease enjoyed by Rome or Greece. Indeed it might seem. that the older the ...
... natural Irish tongue cannot manage the hard lingual sound in such words as Peter and shoulder , it mollifies them into true dentals. I have noticed the same peculiarity in the pronunciation of a Spanish actress playing in English on a London stage; otherwise perfect, it produced a strange impression by its invariable transformation of the harder English into the softer Latin sound. Now Greek must ...
... we shall perhaps guess what led to his madness and thus exonerate his art from the suspicion of having pushed him over the brink. The three lines close his famous sonnet El Desdichado, meaning in Spanish "The Disinherited", which seems to anticipate something of the crypticism of Mallarme's symbols. Here they are: Et j'ai deux fois vainqueur traverse l'Acheron: Modulant tour a tour sur la ...
... We know that Milton was a Spartan disciplinarian with the students whom he coached and that he mercilessly made his daughters read out to him in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Syriac, Italian, French and Spanish which he had taught them to pronounce without understanding a single word: he caustically remarked that "one tongue was more than enough for any woman". About Paradise Lost itself John Richard Green ...
... additional international language apart from English for special concentration. At present, United Nations has recognised six international languages, namely Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. From among these languages the one language that will be easiest for us to learn will be French, since French is not very distant from English and a large number of words in both the languages are ...
... reason the whole of America, in spite of its powerfully independent political and economic being, has tended to be culturally a province of Europe, the south and centre by their dependence on the Spanish, and the north by its dependence on the English language. The life of the United States alone tends and strives to become a great and separate cultural existence, but its success is not commensurate ...
... The speech of Calderon too is on more than nodding terms with him: I am told that once inspiration seized him with force enough to pour through him a couple of hundred lines of brilliant poetry in Spanish! On his return to India he set about getting to the heart of Eastern culture. He steeped himself in Sanskrit and took in his rapid linguistic stride many present-day vernaculars. India's hoary ...
... "Politics", he actualises the inner trauma and tension of old age: Page 338 How can I, that girl standing there, My attention fix On Roman or on Russian Or on Spanish politics? Yet here's a travelled man that knows What he talks about, And there's a politician That has read and thought, And maybe what they say is true Of war and war's alarms ...
... heal." ) Power to heal?... I saw in Planète the story of a man born in 1905, who for thirty-five years has been healing people by the laying on of hands! 1 His father was Italian, his mother Spanish, and he was born in France, he is French. For thirty-five years he has been practicing the laying on of hands; he has treated five million people—five million. Out of them two-thirds were cured, and ...
... on country but which have been divided into as many states as there are nations inhabiting them. Balkan Peninsula comprises as many seven or eight sovereign states. Likewise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. Whereas under the plea of unity of India and one nation which does not exist, it is sought to pursue here the line of one central government when we know that ...
... especially English poetry, literature and fiction, French literature and the history of ancient, mediaeval and modern Europe. He spent some time also over learning Italian, some German and a little Spanish. He spent much time too in writing poetry. The school studies during this period engaged very little of his time; he was already at ease in them and did not think it necessary to labour over them ...
... Cambridge, he seems to have acquired a high degree of proficiency in the Classics, some intimacy with French (and, of course, English), and more than a nodding acquaintance with German, Italian and Spanish. He had also begun to write verse in English. At King's, too, Sri Aurobindo did very well. He had his £80 scholarship, and, having passed his preliminary test for the I.C.S., he had ...
... the words. It is the music, more than the meaning, that enters through the ears in the depth of the soul and makes the psychic influence felt. John of the Cross (Juan de la Cruz), the great Spanish mystic and poet, says that there is a voice that speaks from inside ( que habla de dentro ). Psychic poetry is that voice and poets who have ears to hear try to grasp it as perfectly as possible. As ...
... × The reference is to the Nationalist and Republican forces, and their Fascist and Communist backers, during the Spanish Civil War.—Ed. × This letter and the one that follows were later revised and issued as messages ...
... Tamil first, then Sanskrit, then English, followed by thirteen languages of the world in their alphabetical order: Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Tibetan. It was really the same song of human aspiration though coming in different notes, and the reiteration in the languages of the world was but the ringing peal of the coming global ...
... was called lingua Latina, a vernacular known as lingua Romanica. From its adverb Romanice comes the noun "Romance", applied first to old French (romanz), then to Provencal (romanco) and Spanish (romance), later still to the other Latin tongues. The word, from meaning the French vernacular, came to denote also the fictitious stories in verse or, afterwards, in prose that used to get composed ...
... introduction to the French translation of he famous Assyriologist S.N. Kramer's History Begins at smer , tells us that in Sumerian the h , by itself, is aspirated and hard, like the German ch or the Spanish jota: we may say this equivalent to kh . Thus Meluhha is to be pronounced Melukhkha. Gordon Childe9 uses the form: Melukha. Here is a name which could very well be the Sumerian pronun-iation of " ...
... you or the Mother in dreams, and receives your blessings. Has it any concrete value—as concrete as the Pranam touch? What do you mean by concrete? It is concrete there just as the Abyssinian or Spanish wars are concrete here. Do you mean to say that people getting instructions from you in dreams is as real, effective and correct as if you had written them on paper? Yes, if the record is correct ...
... reason and formalising, materialising and degrading religion. If India has possessed great thinkers, she has not extracted from their thoughts a rational and ennobling religion: the devotion of the Spanish or the Russian peasant is rational and enlightened by comparison. Irrationalism, anti-rationalism,—that in this laboured and overcharged accusation is the constant cry; it is the keynote of the Archer ...
... on the overall struggle for national development. Today, the work of Paulo Freire is being gradually acknowledged even in the United States. Freire has written many articles in Portuguese and Spanish, and his first book, Educacao como Pratica da Liberdade, was published in Brazil in 1967. In 1970, Cultural Action for Freedom appeared as the English translation. In this book, he pointed out ...
... potent love which gives me the pure heart of a child and the lightness and freedom of thought of a god.’ (Prayers and Meditations) Towards the end of the war there was a severe pandemic of ‘Spanish flu’ which killed more than twenty million people, more than had died in the war itself. 94 The pandemic raged also in Japan. The Mother told how a little village had been attacked by it without ...
... 3; B. Raman, op. cit., p. 2. 25 Intelligence Resource Program, p. 3. 26 Operation Tupac was named after Tupac Amaru, an eighteenth-century Incan prince who led a rebellion against the Spanish to liberate Uruguay. A leftist guerrilla group named after him functioned for many years in Peru. See Simon Strong, Shining Path: Terror and Revolution in Peru (New York: Times Books/ Random House ...
... that from the early '30s the world was drifting towards a war of unprecendented magnitude. The phenomenal rise of Mussolini and Hitler, the inability of the democracies to contain the dictators, the Spanish Civil War, the enigmatic role of Russia which went through the throes of the brutal Stalinist purges, were all indications of a gathering storm. 1938, in particular, was a year of a mounting political ...
... Sri Aurobindo was able to take his regular studies easy in the last three years and devote his spare time to general reading, especially English and French literature, some Italian, German and Spanish, and the history of ancient, mediaeval and modem Europe. The period of about two years between old Mrs. Drewett's going away and Sri Aurobindo's winning a classical scholarship of the value of ...
... German Reich in 1933, paralleled the occult Aurobindonian effort. Events were heading for a climax, and a general mobilization in Western Europe was ordered towards the end of 1938. Meanwhile the Spanish Civil War, the ‘rehearsal’ for the worldwide war to come, was fought; a militarized Japan expanded aggressively in the East; Mussolini wanted to revive the honour of Italy on the model of ancient Rome; ...
... nt - are the common heritage of mankind. Among the languages studied or in use are Sanskrit, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. The main media of instruction are English and French, and pupils usually know four or five languages. The Sri Aurobindo Library with its accession of over 60,000 books in about 25 languages attempts... Charter, while others read, one after another, the versions in sixteen other languages - Tamil, Sanskrit, English, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Tibetan. The English version was as follows: Auroville belongs to nobody in particular. Auroville belongs to humanity as a whole. But to live in Auroville one must be the willing ...
... , ñ , the cerebrals, answering approximately to the English dentals, ṭ , ṭh , ḍ , ḍh , ṇ , the pure dentals, answering to the Celtic and Continental dentals we find in Irish and in French, Spanish or Italian, t , th , d , dh , n & the labials, p , ph , b , bh , m . Each of these classes consists of a hard sound, k , c , ṭ , t , p with its aspirate, kh , ch , th , th , ...
... Morisset. They live at 15, rue Lemerçier, Paris. 1898 Assists Morisset in painting murals (extant) on either side of the-main altar in the Church of St. James of Compostela at Pau in France. A Spanish legend portrayed St. James appearing 'in a golden light on a white horse, almost like Kalki' and vanquishing the Moors. - Aug 23 Birth of her only child, Andre Morisset. Cures the child's illnesses ...
... appears that D [a child] is getting 4 motions a day and today blood. Something will have to be done before it gets worse. April 16, 1937 When we were discussing about the Force and the Spanish General Miaja [6.4.37], you said: "Let us suppose... I put the right force on him...", why did you say "right"? Is there also a wrong Force? Can't be, for it is the Divine Force. Don't remember ...
... general reading, especially of English poetry, literature and fiction, French literature and the history of mediaeval and modem Europe. He also spent some time learning Italian, some German and a little Spanish. This he could do as he was at ease in his school studies. Though some of his teachers used to regret his preoccupation with general reading, he was nevertheless able to win many prizes. He had with ...
... he was also a “sage.” But I was a complete layman in regard to the “Wisdom of the East.” I had greater understanding of Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and the Breton pirates boarding the Spanish galleons. And, to be perfectly frank, I preferred Spartacus to the Buddha. But on that particular 24th of April, everything was overturned toward a new, unknown sea. It was half past two in ...
... enormous erudition. He read especially English poetry, literature and fiction, French literature and the history of ancient, medieval and modern Europe. ‘He also taught himself Italian, German and Spanish in order to read Dante, Goethe and Calderon in the original tongues. A boy with so ambitious a programme could not rightly be accused of laziness.’ 11 The Foundation Scholarship awarded him by ...
... ourselves forward always for what we are, simply and without false humility, as well as without pedantry, affectation, or pride." Page 119 Appendix IV Saint John of the Cross, a Spanish mystic who flourished — or rather who existed, for there was little that suggested flourishing about him — in the sixteenth century, will supply a passage suitable for our purpose. "First of all ...
... that the context involves conceiving and giving birth (1:31) and cannot sweepingly be disinfected of a soupçon of male personality. Brown is hardly justified in expressing surprise that even the Spanish post-Reformation theologian Cardinal Toletus (1523-96) should interpret the power overshadowing Mary as a euphemism for a quasi-sexual union, a hieros gamos. 93 Nor is he on unequivocal ground... Perfection (trans, by L. Sherley-Price), I: 8. 49. The Life of Blessed Henry Suso by Himself, p. 227. 50. The Sparkling Stone: Chs. 10. 12. 51.E. A. Peers, Studies of the Spanish Mystics, I: 334. 52. The Hour of God (1959), pp. 31, 38-40. 53.Dougherty, op. cit., p. 100. 54. Ibid., p. 140. 55. Ibid. 56. Essays on the Gita, The Centenary ...
... 39 Towarnicki: But what did you do for a living? Did you work? For a living... I didn't even know they spoke Portuguese in Brazil! When I arrived in Belem, I thought people spoke Spanish. That's how good my education was (laughter) ! So I picked up a few words of Portuguese out of necessity. Actually, I learned Portuguese very quickly. But I had to earn a living! I had to do something ...
... smaller ones. The night of December 4-5, 1981 Vision Page 263 Pursued by "Pranab" (symbol of these Forces). A "Mother" tells me to go to South America! I must learn Spanish...?! December 8, 1981 Nothing but illusions. All the voices are false. Back here like an old man who has nothing but death to expect. Not once did She come and clasp me to her ...
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